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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Physiology |
The study of function "How animals work" |
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What is the importance of Physiology? |
Understanding humans and nonhuman health and disease Understanding the fundamental biology of all animals |
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Why are Sandpiper's great examples? |
B/c they can fly up to 3100 miles w/o stopping to refuel of any type. Once they stop they stay for a few weeks during with time they refuel as in increase their overall body weight by 50% before resuming the migration. |
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What physical adjustments to the body does the Sandpiper undergo for the flight durations of their migration? |
Organs like the stomach and intestines, decrease in size to reduce unnecessary weight during flight. Organs like the Heart, increase in size to increase in energy output to produce a stronger flyer. |
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How is it possible for the Sandpiper to increase their body weight by 50% during the stopover periods? |
The stomach and intestines are enlarged to aid them in the processing of food at high rates. |
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Why are Pacific Salmon migration a good example of physiology?
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B/c they migrate upriver to spawn in the place of their birth w/o feeding during their extremely energy expensive journey. As well as the fact that they environment changes so drastically from salt water to fresh water.
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What are the two central questions of Physiology? |
What is the mechanism by which a function is accomplished? How did that mechanism come to be? |
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Why are Fireflies a good example of Mechanisms? |
B/c they can product light at will |
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What is the Mechanism that Fireflies us to produce light?
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Luciferin reacts w/ ATP to form Luciferyl-AMP which reacts w/ O2 where the electron-excited product yields a Photon and the ground-state product.
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How does the Firefly control the Mechanism for light production? |
O2 enters the cell opposite the light production site and b/t are mitochondria which normally intercepts all the O2, but if Nitric Oxide is released w/i the cell it blocks the mitochondria allow the O2 to reach the light production site. "Nitric Oxide is under nervous control" |
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What are the Evolutionary processes for the origins of mechanisms? |
Natural Selection-genes Adaptation-Physiological process |
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What are the approaches to physiology? |
Mechanistic Evolutionary comparative Evironmental Integrative |
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What are the key properties in Animals? |
Structurally dynamic Organized systems requiring energy input Time & Body size significantly affect their lives |
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What does Structurally Dynamic means? |
Constant exchange of atoms and molecules with the environment |
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What does the Organized systems requiring energy input means? |
Organized into tissues, organs, and systems. Internal Environment provides constancy |
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What are the two main groups of internal constancy? |
Conformers Regulators |
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What is a Conformer? |
An animal permits its internal and external conditions to be equal |
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What is a Regulator? |
An animal maintaining internal constancy in the face of external variability |
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What is Homeostasis? |
The existence of regulatory systems that automatically make adjustments to maintain internal constancy. |
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How is homeostasis controlled? |
By a serious of Feedback processes |
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What is Feedback? |
When a system uses information on the controlled variable itself to govern its actions |
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What are the two type of Feedback? |
Negative Feedback & Positive Feedback |
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What is Negative Feedback? |
The system responds to changes in the controlled variable by bringing the variable back toward its set point; that is , the system oppose deviations of the controlled variable from the set point. Ex. Blood glucose |
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What is Positive Feedback? |
The system reinforces deviations of a controlled variable from its set point. Ex. Contraction during pregnancy |
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What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of be an Regulator? |
Disadvantage: energy costly Advantage: allow cell to function in steady conditions. |
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What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of be an Conformer? |
Disadvantage: The cell w/i the body are subject to changes in their conditions when the outside conditions change Advantage: energetically cheap |
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What are the five frames for Physiology changes? |
Acute changes Chronic changes Evolutionary changes Developmental changes Changes controlled by periodic biological clock |
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How are Acute changes described? |
Short-term changes in the physiology of individual animals; changes that individuals exhibit soon after their environments changed. They are reversible. |
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How are Chronic changes described? |
Long-term changes in the physiology of individual animals: changes that individuals display after they have been in new environments for days, weeks, or months. They are reversible. |
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How are Evolutionary changes described? |
Changes that occur by alteration of gene frequencies over the course of multiple generations in population exposed to new environments. |
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How are Development changes described? |
Changes in the physiology of individual animals that occur in a programmed way as the animals mature from conception to adulthood and then to senescence |
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How are Changes controlled by periodic biological clocks described? |
Changes in the physiology of individual animals that occur in repeating patterns (e.g., each day) under control of the animals' internal biological clocks |
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What are the physiology frames changes that result form changes in the external environment? |
Acute changes Chronic changes Evolutionary changes |
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What are the physiology frame changes that result form internally programmed to occur regardless of the changes in the environment? |
Developmental changes Changes controlled by periodic biological clocks |
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What is a Biological Clock? |
A mechanisms that give organisms an internal capability to keep track of the passage of time. |
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What things does body size affect? |
Gestation lengths Brain size Heart rate Age of sexual maturity Rate of energy usage |
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Why does body size affect these things? |
B/c a means for exist, space, O2 needed, the need to replenish the population, maintenance of homeostasis |
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what is the temperature range for life as we know? |
-1.9 digress C to 55 digress C and no species can live along the full range. |
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What are some of the environmental changes when it comes to O2? |
Water temps variations Altitude variations |
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How does water temps. variation affect O2? |
The warmer the water the less O2 dissolved w/i it and the opposite the cooler the water the more O2 dissolved w/i it. |
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How does altitude variation affect O2? |
The higher the altitude the lower the concentration of O2 and the lower the altitude the higher the concentration of O2. |
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Why is water so important to life? |
It is the universal solvent and it aid in more than 90% of life sustaining reactions. |
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What are some of the difficulties associated with water? |
Water retention solute concentrations |
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Evolution |
change in gene frequencies over time |
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Adaptation |
When a trait is present at an increased freq. in a population b/c it confers a greater probability of survival. |
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Non-adaptive Evolution |
Decrease probability of survival |
