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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 5 components of the peripheral endocrine system?
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thyroid
parathyroid pancreas adrenal gonads (ovary,testis) |
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2 forms of thyroid hormone
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t4 and t3
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what is t4
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thyroxine is the major hormone secreted by thyroid gland
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what is t3
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10x more active than t4, drived from conversion of t4 in target tissues
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mechanism of iodine deficiency
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inhibit hypothalamus
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what controls the rate of production of active thyroid hormone?
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enzymes, specifically monodeiodinases (add and take away iodines to the ring)
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steps to produce t3 and t4. i
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1 distrubed homeostasis
2hypothalamus releases TRH 3 anterior pit. releases TSH 4 THYROID GLAND RELEASES T3 AND T4 5 homeostasis is restored |
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6 phys actions of thyroid hormone
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DIGTOR
1 development 2 growth (skeletal) 3 intermediary metabolism 4 thermoneogenesis 5 oxygen consumption (energy metabolism) 6 reproduction |
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hypothyroidism
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most common thyroid disorder. mmune system attackes and destroys thyroid gland
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goiter
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enlargment of thyroid
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what does thyroidglobulin have a lot of
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tyrosine residues
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purpose of c cell
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make calcitonin, lower plasma calcium
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why do we iodize salt?
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because we need iodine, an essential trace element to make thyroid hormone. you need a teaspoon!
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what happens when you do not have enough iodide?
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hypothyroidism, mental retardation. your body stops making thyroid hormone, but the hypothalamus still signals for TSH formation and the thyroid keeps growing
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what is the t3 and t4 system ultimately reguated by?
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temperature. hypothyroid have hard time regulating temperature (thermogenesis)
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how does thyroid contorl temperature?
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production of Na/ATPase because it leaks ox phos and forms heat
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in regardst o o2, what does thyroid do?
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incr o2 consumption
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how does thyroid play a part in reporduction?
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control puberty, controls the terminatino of reprodctino at the end of breedgin season, i.e. sheep
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cretenism
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severe form of retardation, branches of purkinje cells greatly reduced
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myxedema
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abnormal water accumulation
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graves disease
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cause hyperthyroidism bc of hypersecrretion of TSH, might also have a goiter
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hashimoto disease
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immune system low t4 so it cannot be (-) feedback, excess TSH
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lupus
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systemic autoimmune disease
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what does high elevation have to do with goiter?
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becuase iodide in the water sinks to low elevation
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people w hyperthyroidism have
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icr o2 consumption, metabolism, heart rate
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purpose of c cell
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make calcitonin
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purpose of calcitonin
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decrease ca++ but its phys role in humans is controversial
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what is the one gland that is essential for life?
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parathyroid gland. bc it regualtes plasma calcium, then brain misfunctions
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purpose of PTH
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incr plasma calcium
1 incr intake in gut 2 incr renal tubule absorption 3 stim bone reabsorption to liberate free ca |
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PTH
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incr serum and produces vitamin d3
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Vitamin D3 -
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increases serum [Ca++]
Is required for PTH action on bone Increases Ca++ uptake by gut |
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Calcitonin
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- decreases serum Ca++
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PTH affects what two organs?
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kidney and bone
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what does kidney do after PTH reaches it?
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stim ca2++ reuptake in kidney and activates d3
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1 alpha hydroxylase
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synthesis of vitamin d3, which acts on the gut, is increased when PTH signals kidney
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vitamin d action n the bone
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incr numebr of PTH receptors
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what happens when there is too much calcium
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brain misfunctions but that is very rare, calcitonin downregulates
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how does pancreas serve as an exocrine gland
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secretes bicarbonate and enzyme
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how does pancreas serve as endocrine gland
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hormones involved with intermediary metabolism, insulin and glucagon
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beta cells make
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insulin
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alpha cells make
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glucagon
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pancreas cells in endocring
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isle of langerhan 5%
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pancreas cells in exocrine
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acinar cells
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half life of insulin
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5 minutes in the blood
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postprandial
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right after a meal
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father of stress
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hans selye
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affects of cortisol
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large adrenal glands, shrunken thymus, gonads shrink
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3 steps in the stress response
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1 hypothalamus release CRH
2 ant. pit release ACTH 3 adrenal cortex release cortisol |
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medulla
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produces catecholamines epinephrine and nonepinephrine
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cortex
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corticosteroids
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glucocorticoids
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intermediary metabolism; organ development
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mineralocorticoids
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osmoregulation
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cortisol is specifc for
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human n fish
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cortocosteroin
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all other tetrapods
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two parts of adrenal gland
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cortex and medula
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what does zona glomerulosa make
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aldosterone
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what does zona fasciaulata make
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cortisol and androgens
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what does zona reticularis make?
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cortisol and androgens
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what does medula makes?
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epin. and nonepin
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epin and nonepin is part of the ___ system
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nervous
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4 immediate responses to crises
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1 mobilization of glucose
2 changes in circulation 3 incr in heart and respiratory rate 4 incr energy used by all cells |
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why does cortisol take longer to be released in the stress response?
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bc it has to be synthesized first, takes about 3 min
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cortisol effects on the brain
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amygdala in chagre of fear response, activate amygdala
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glucocorticoids
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inhibit growth
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epigenetic programming
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leads to different dna methylation
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more dna methylation means
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less expression
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what hormones do the fetus send to the mom to say that it is time to give birth?
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CRH and adrenal steroids
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what does chronic stress lead to?
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muscle wasting and death of neurons in the brain
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most dangerous EDRs
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PCB and dioxin, used as heat transfer agents
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EDR
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mess w hormones
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DES
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prevent miscarrage, not it didnt work. when daughters grew up, they had cancer
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BPA
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bisphenol a, from plastic (water bottles)
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pathlate plasticisor
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mess w male reproductive develpment. can effect development and may not show up in adults
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what are the different kinds of hormone?
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amine-tyrosine, chloresterol, peptides
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three steroid hormones
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1 cortisol
2 estrogen 3 testosterone |
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more dna methylation means
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less expression
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what hormones do the fetus send to the mom to say that it is time to give birth?
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CRH and adrenal steroids
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what does chronic stress lead to?
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muscle wasting and death of neurons in the brain
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most dangerous EDRs
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PCB and dioxin, used as heat transfer agents
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EDR
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mess w hormones
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DES
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prevent miscarrage, not it didnt work. when daughters grew up, they had cancer
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BPA
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bisphenol a, from plastic (water bottles)
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pathlate plasticisor
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mess w male reproductive develpment. can effect development and may not show up in adults
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what are the different kinds of hormone?
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amine-tyrosine, chloresterol, peptides
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three steroid hormones
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1 cortisol
2 estrogen 3 testosterone |
