Animal Phys Lecture 11 Reproduction

Front 1

viviparity

Back 1

live bearing

Front 2

oviparity

Back 2

egg layers

Front 3

ovoviviparous

Back 3

eggs develop and hatch in oviduct

Front 4

external fertilization

Back 4

amphibians, fishes

Front 5

internal fertilization

Back 5

mammals, birds, reptiles; some amphibians, fishes

Front 6

what did the cleidoic egg allow?

Back 6

reproduction on land away from the aquatic habitat

Front 7

chorion

Back 7

gas exchange

Front 8

amnion

Back 8

surrounds embryo. provides favorable ionic/osmotic environment, cushioning

Front 9

allantois

Back 9

outpouching of primitive gut. gas exchange, storage of nitrogenous wastes

Front 10

yolk sac

Back 10

surrounds yolk, secretes digestive enzymes

Front 11

2 functions of gonads

Back 11

1 gamete formation
2 hormone production

Front 12

accessory reproductive organs

Back 12

reproductive ducts and glands

Front 13

secondary sex characteristics

Back 13

facial and pubic hair, voice, mammary glands. Plumage in birds, body color in reptiles

Front 14

reproductive hormones influence

Back 14

1 development (brain, urogenital tract)
2 sexual maturation (puberty)
3 gametogenesis
4 sexual behavior and mating

Front 15

GnRH

Back 15

gonadotropin-releasing hormonE

Front 16

Gonadotropins

Back 16

luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Front 17

sex steroids

Back 17

estrogens, androgens, progestins

Front 18

hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis

Back 18

GnRH, Gonadotropins, sex steroids

Front 19

what are gonadotropins?

Back 19

glycoprotein hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland.
control steroid hormone synthesis and ganetogenesis in gonads

Front 20

types of gonadotropins

Back 20

1 luteining hormone (LH)
2 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
3 chorionic gonadotropin (CG, only in primates; sunthesized by the chorionic membrane of the placenta)

Front 21

sex steroid steroids are

Back 21

derived from cholesterol

Front 22

how do sex steroids work?

Back 22

bind to nuclear hormone receptors in target cells and regulate gene transcription

Front 23

androgen

Back 23

example: testosterone, control male reproductive system

Front 24

estrogen

Back 24

example: estradiol, control female reproductive system

Front 25

progestin

Back 25

example: progesterone, control female reproductive systems

Front 26

function of the epididymis (3)

Back 26

1 stores spermatozoa and their functional maturation
2 adjusts the composition of the tubular fluid; pseudo-stratified columnar epithilial cells line the epididymis
3 recycling center for damaged spermatozoa

Front 27

where does sperm mature?

Back 27

first the seminiferous tubule then the epididymis

Front 28

each tesi composes of

Back 28

highly coiled seminiferous tubules

Front 29

different names for sperm as it develops

Back 29

1 spermatozoa
2 spermatids
3 spermatocyte
4 spermatogonium

Front 30

what is the purpose of sertoli cells

Back 30

they nurse the sperm cells in the seminiferous tubule

Front 31

what is the purpose of leydig cells

Back 31

produce androgens

Front 32

leydig cells are located

Back 32

outside of the basal lamina

Front 33

what is the purpose of the blood-testis barrier?

Back 33

maintain different fluid, contain androgens, estrogens, potassium and amino acids, protect spermatozoa and their androgens from being attacked by the immune system

Front 34

three structural parts of the spermatozoon

Back 34

1 head
2 middle/neck
3 tail

Front 35

head of the sperm

Back 35

(acrosomal cap) contains densely packed chromosomes

Front 36

the middle piece and neck of sperm

Back 36

contain both centrioles. mitochondria are in both centrioles to produce ATP to power the sperm's motion

Front 37

the tail

Back 37

the sperm is the only cells that has a flagellum

Front 38

seminal fluid is an

Back 38

alkaline solution

Front 39

function of seminal vescicles

Back 39

makes 60% of semen

Front 40

composition of semen

Back 40

alkaline, fructose and prostaglandins

Front 41

capacitation

Back 41

maturation of sperm

Front 42

where does final maturation of sperm occur?

Back 42

final maturation occurs in the female tract

Front 43

what is the function of the prostate gland?

Back 43

slightly acidic solution that contributes 20-30% of the volume of semem

Front 44

androgens (origin, function)

Back 44

testes, secondary sex characteristics

Front 45

GnRH

Back 45

hypothalamus, ant. pit. stimulates LH release, FSH production and release

Front 46

LH

Back 46

anterior pit, leydig cells: stimulates androgen synthesis and release

Front 47

FSH

Back 47

ant. pit, sertoli cells, stim spermatogenesis

Front 48

androgen (leydig cells)

Back 48

sertoli cells, stimulate spermatogenesis

Front 49

prostaglandins

Back 49

seminal vesicles, uterus of mate: induce changes within the uterus that affect sperm motility

Front 50

what is the purpose of inhibin?

Back 50

after FSH activates sertoli cells, inhibin is formed and acts as negative feedback to turn off ant pit.

Front 51

what is the follicle? what are its 2 functions?

Back 51

functionary unit of the ovary
1 reproductive - the ovum (egg) develops within the follicle
2 endocrine - follicular cells produce extrogens and progesterone (steroids) and inihibin (polypeptide)

Front 52

where does oogeneiss occur

Back 52

in the ovarian follicle

Front 53

steps of the ovarian cycle

Back 53

1 formation of primary oocytes
2 follicle growth
3 maturation of follicle
4 ovulation
5 degredation of corpus luteum

Front 54

follicular phase

Back 54

preovulatory phase. follicle grows and the oocyte matures

Front 55

ovulation occurs

Back 55

at the end of the follicular phase

Front 56

luteal phase

Back 56

postovulartory phase. utures prepares for pregancy

Front 57

LH stimulates

Back 57

ovulation

Front 58

in the secretory phase, what do progesterones and estradiol promote?

Back 58

thickening of endometrium

Front 59

presence of estrogen increases

Back 59

GnRH secretion

Front 60

progesterone decreases

Back 60

GnRH secretion

Front 61

FSH incr

Back 61

follicular development and incr inhibin production

Front 62

inhibin decr

Back 62

FSH secretion

Front 63

biphasic actions of estrogens on LH

Back 63

decr LH during foll phase, incr LH ew days before ovulation, incr sensitivity to GnRH

Front 64

functions of estrogen

Back 64

1 stim bone and muscle growth
2 maintains female secondary sex characteristics such as body hair distribution and the location of adipose tissue deposits
3 affects CNS activity
4 maintains accessory reproductive gland and organs
5 repair and growth in the uterine

Front 65

function of progestoring

Back 65

perpare uterus for pregancy, promote blood supply to functional zone and stim. secretion of functional gland

Front 66

what happens to the oocyte during ovulation?

Back 66

its arrested in metaphase of meiosis ll and is now called an ovum

Front 67

what stage is primary oocyte arrested in at birth?

Back 67

prophase of meiosis l

Front 68

when does meiosis l finish and ll begin?

Back 68

at puberty to form secondary oocyte and first polar body

Front 69

when does meiosis ll finish?

Back 69

fertilzation

Front 70

what is the purpose of hCG?

Back 70

to keep secreting progesterones during the first trimester. after the first trimester the placenta takes over the role of producing progesterones

Front 71

what are the signals for parturition?

Back 71

fetal androgens signal to oxytosin receptors for cervix to stretch by increasing prostaglandin synthesis that induce collagenase to break down collagen fibers int he cervix

Front 72

how do birth control pills work?

Back 72

prevetns the release of gonadotropins wheich prevent tovarian follicle from maturing and prevetns the uteran lining from thickening