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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an invertebrate vs a vertebrate?
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invertebrate = no vertebral column (spine, backbone)
vertebrate = has vertebral column (remember we have vertebrae) |
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Which have neural circuits with fewer neurons: invertebrates or vertebrates? (504)
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invertebrates
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2 generalizations about invertebrate and vertebrate neural circuits:
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1. invertebrate neuron may be a uniquely identified neuron; nearly all vertebrate neurons cannot be uniquely identified, but can be recognized only as members of a population.
2. single individual neurons play functional roles in invertebrate circuits; many neurons participate in a particular function in vertebrate neural circuits |
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uniquely identified neuron is...
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a neuron whose structure, location, electrical activity, or other properties are sufficiently distinctive that the neuron can be recognized and studied in every individual of a species
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command neuron
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a neuron whose activity is sufficient to command a particular element of behavior. (usually only occur in invertebrates and vertebrates need a large number of neurons for a command function)
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reflex
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a simple graded response to a specific stimulus, requires few neurons.
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Spinal reflexes are mediated by...
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the neural circuits of the vertebrate spinal cord
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What are dorsal roots?
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sensory input enters the spinal cord through dorsal roots
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How does sensory input result in movement?
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sensory input via intervening synapses in the spinal cord, excites some motor neurons and inhibits others causing muscle contraction.
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What is the stretch reflex (aka myotatic reflex)?
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sensory input stimulates muscle spindles located in the muscle which contain stretch-sensitive endings of sensory receptors wrapped spirally around the noncontractile portions of specialized intrafusal muscle fibers [THIS IS NOT DONE]
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(509) Most animal behavior consists of: A. isolated single acts or B. action patterns like sequences
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B
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What is rhythmic behavior?
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stereotyped, repetitive sequences of movements such as walking, swimming, flying, in which the motor output is stable, repeatable, and predictable from cycle to cycle of the activity.
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How does a locust fly?
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up-down oscillation generated by a set of elevator (or levator) and depressor muscles. The electrical activity is alternating bursts of muscle potentials. This flight is the result of the CNS generating alternating bursts of potential.
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How are the motor neurons to antagonist muscles activated in alternation to produce a rhythmic movement?
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2 hypotheses: Peripheral control and central control
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what is peripheral control?
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each movement activates receptors that trigger the next movement in the sequence. For a locust, a single wing-hinge stretch receptor generates a train of impulses when the wing is elevated and a different set when depressed. Sensory feedback from the wing location would excite the ssubsequent motor neurons.
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what's another name for peripheral control?
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chained-reflex hypothesis
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What is central control?
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Action sustained by a central pattern generator (CPG) - a neural circuit in the CNS that generates the sequential, patterned activation of motor neurons to antagonistic muscles without requiring sensory feedback.
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What is deafferentation?
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removal of the relevant sensory input.
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How does locust flight work?
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Driven primarily by a CPG from the CNS but sensory stimuli helps drive it and helps locusts fly at normal frequency.
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how does the majority of repetitive movement work?
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Central pattern generator from the CNS is all that is necessary for the movement to occur but sensory input affects the quality of performance. However, sensory timing information can reset the CPG, entraining it to a different driven frequency.
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Why are CPGs termed oscillators?
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many of the rhythmic behavior patterns are oscillatory and the CPGs make the behavior.
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(511) What are the two categories of oscillators?
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cellular and network.
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