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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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two types of plainfin midshipman fish
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1) nest building one that do mating calls to attract female and after fert. provide parental care
2) sneak opportunities to fertilize eggs that are released by type I males |
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steroid hormones in the female plainfin midshipman fish lead to what?
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promote changes in female auditory system, ensuring that she successfully locates a nesting male
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what play essential role in maintaining homeostasis
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hormones
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hormone def.
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metabolically produced chemical released by nonneural endocrine cell or neuron
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exerts regulatory influences on the function of close or distant cells?
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distant cells
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how are hormones reached to their target tissues?
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via circulation (blood)
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how much hormone is necessary for impact?
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little amount of hormone
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how does a hormone act?
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the hormone travels by the blood when released by either nonneural endocrine cells or neurons and then find a target cell with the right receptor molecules that recognize the hormone
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autocrine and paracrine substances
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chemical signals released by certain cells that affect the function of nearby cells located in same organ or tissue
- do NOT enter bloodstream |
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intracrines
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peptide growth factors or hormones that function w/in cells in addition to performing traditional functions
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what hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex:
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aldosterone, androgens, glucocoticoids
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what hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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what hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary
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1) prolactin
2) MSH 3) FSH 4) LH 5) growth hormone 6) ACTH |
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what hormones secreted by the GI tract
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gastrin, secretin, GIP, motilin
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what hormones secreted by the ovaries and testis?
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estrogens, progesteron, inhibin, activins, relaxin, mullerian inhibiting hormone, androgens
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what hormones secreted by the heart (cells in the atria)
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Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)
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what hormones secreted by the hypothalamus?
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coticotropin releasing hormone, thyrotropin releasing hormone, growth hormone releasing hormone,
somatostatin, gonadotropin releasing hormone, dopamine, melanocyte-stimulating hormone-inhibiting hormone, orexins |
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what hormones secreted by the kidney?
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renin, erythropoietin, calcitrol
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what hormones secreted by the liver?
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angiotensinogen, insulin-like growth factors
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what hormones secreted by the pancreas?
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insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
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what hormones secreted by the parathyroid gland?
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parathyroid hormone
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what hormones secreted by the pineal gland?
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melatonin
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what hormones secreted by the placenta of pregnant female?
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estrogens and progesterone, chorionic gonadotropin, relaxin, placental lactogen
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what hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary
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ADH, oxytocin
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what hormones secreted by the skin
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vitamin D
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what hormones secreted by the thryoid gland?
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calcitonin and thytoxin
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function of aldosterone
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stimulated sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in kidney
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role of androgens
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causes growth spurt at puberty, increases sex drive to females
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role of glucocorticoids
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increase blood glucose and causes protein and fat catabolism
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role of ephinephrine and norepinephrine
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reinforce sympathic NS influence heart and metabolism of tissues
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role of prolactin
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promotes development of mammal glands and produces milk and secretion, promotes caring for young in fish, birds and mammals
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role of growth hormone
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stimulated growth and metabolism of bones and tissues, promotes protein synthesis, glucose conservation, and fat mobilization
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role of MSH
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reduces appetite and surpresses immune system and causes skin darkening in some animals
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role of ACTH
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stimulates secretion of glucocoticoids by adrenal cortex
TROPIC |
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role of TSH
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stimulated hormone secretion and secretion by thyroid gland
TROPIC |
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role of FSH
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stimulates sperm production and follicular growth of ovaries, sex hormone production in m and f -->TROPIC
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role of LH
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stimulate sex hormone production, ovulation, and dev of corpeus luteum -->TROPIC
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role of estrogen
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promote maturation of follicle, ovulation, and secondary sex characteristics, prepares uterus for pregnancy by actions during estrous and menstual cycle
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role of progestrone
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prepares uterus for pregnancy
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role of inhibin
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inhibits secretion of FSH
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role of activins
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stimulate secretion of FSh
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role of mullerian inhibiting hormone
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functions in male fetal dev.
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role of androgens
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promote sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics, promotes sex drive in males, enhance growth at puberty
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role of atrial natriuretic peptide
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promotes sodium and water excretion in kidney
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role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
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stimulates secretion of FSH and LH
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role of dopamine
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inhibits secretion of prolactin
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role of renin
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cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I
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role of angiotensinogen
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concerted in blood to angiotensinogen IIl which stimulates aldosterone secretion, promotes third and secretion of ADH
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role of insulin
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promotes uptake and storage of nutrients by most cells
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role of glucagon
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maintains blood levels of nutrients after a meal and during stress
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role of parathyroid hormone
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increases calcium and decreases plasma phosphate levels in the blood and stimulates vitamin D activation
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role of melatonin
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controls circadian rhythms, seasonal breedings, migrations, hibernation, lightening of skin
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role of estrogen and progesterone
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support pregnancy and fetal and maternal deve
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role chorionic gonadotropin
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extends functional life of corpus luteum in cervix
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role of ADH
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regulate water reabsorption at kidneys
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role of oxytocin
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stimulates uterine contraction during parturition and milk ejection from mammary glands during suckling
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role of vit D
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increase body calcium
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role of thryoxine
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necessary for normal growth and development of NS
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role of calcitonin
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decreases blood calcium levels in some animals
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three chemical classes of hormones
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1) steroid hormones
2) peptide and protein hormones 3) amine hormones |
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steroid hormones
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synthesized from cholesterol
-lipid soluble so they can pass through cell membrane to reach receptor mls |
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where are steroid hormones secreted?
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adrenal cortex, placenta, gonads
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how are steroid hormones secreted?
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through simple diffusion and bound to carrier proteins
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action of steroid hormones at target cell
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alter gene expression, activate genes initiate translation and transcription
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peptide and protein hormones
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chain of AAs, soluble in aqueous solutions-->water soluble, but cannot cross through cell membranes
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synthesis of peptides are where?
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rough ER and processed in golgi apparatus, stored in vesicles
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transport of peptides?
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dissolved in plasma and some bound to carrier proteins
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action of peptides at target cell
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activated 2nd messenger systems or alter membrane channels
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role of thryoxine
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necessary for normal growth and development of NS
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role of calcitonin
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decreases blood calcium levels in some animals
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amine hormones
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-modified AA
-melatonin, catecholamines, iodothryonines -water or lipid soluble |
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melatonin facts as amine hormone
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secreted by pineal gland
-acts as peptide |
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throid gland facts as amine hormones
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acts as steroid
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catecholamine facts as amine hormone
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acts as peptide
-dervived from tyrosine -water soluble -stored in vesicles -released by exocytosis |
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catecholamines and thryoid hormones derived from what?
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tyrosine
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melatonin derived from what?
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tryptophan
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describe the structure of human insulin
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two chains of AA connected and stabilized by disulfide bridges
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insulin is what type of hormone?
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peptide hormone
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peptide hormones are synthesized where?
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ribosomes
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preproinsulin
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two peptide chains of insulin are synthesized as part of single large precursor
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preproinsulin is altered through what process?
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posttranslational processing
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insulin synthesis steps (7)
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1. signal sequence (p segment) directs the mlc into lumen of rough ER. enzymes of rough ER cleave P segment to produce proinsulin
2. proinsulin moves through ER via vesicles, and into golgi 3. in golgi, 3 disulfide bridges fold the proinslin mlc 4. golgi buds off vesicles that contrain proinsulin and enzymes 5. encymes cleave the C segment from proinsulin to form mature insulin 6. insulin and c segements are stored in vesciles awaiting release 7. depolization of cell membrane releases by exocytosis |
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example of a peptide hormone (most popular)
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insulin
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what type of cell produce insulin
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beta cells
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where are peptide hormones synthesized?
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ribosomes 2
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what is preproinsulin made out of?
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2 peptide chains are synthesized via translation and put together to form it
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what process alters preproinsulin
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posttranlational processing
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how are steroid hormones secreted?
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diffusion
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negative feedback system of insulin
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insulin signals uptake of glucose to storage and then the blood glucose level falls, the beta cells are no longer stimulated to secrete insulin
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peptide hormones are/or aren't stored?
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are stored in vesicles and therefore secreted upon demand
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steps on insulin synthesis: (7)
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1. signal sequence (P segment) directs mlc into lumen of the rough ER and enxymes in the ER cleave the P segment to produce proinsulin
2. proinsulin goes from ER-->Golgi 3. in golgi, 3 disulfide bridges fold the mlc 4. golgi buds off vesicle that has enxymes and proinsulin 5. enzyme cleave the C segment from proinsulin to form mature insulin 6. insulin and the C segments are stores in vesicle awaiting release 7. depolarization triggers exocytosis |
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how does cholesterol circulate in blood (what is it bound to)?
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lipoprotein carrier complexes
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LDL
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transports cholesterol TO cells
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HDL
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carries cholesterol AWAY FORM cells
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what six carbon chain is cleaved from cholesterol and different enzymatic process produces different steroid molecules?
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pregnenolone
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discrete glands
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distinct structures- ex: mammalian adrenal gland
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diffuse glands
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scattered w/in tissues
ex: gastrin secreting cells of the gut |
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two major classes of endocrine cells:
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1) nonneural endocrine cells
2) neurosecretory cells |
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neurohemal organ
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anatomically distinct site for the release of hormones
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cell bodies of neurosecretory cells are located in or out of CNS?
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in the CNS BUT the axons of these cell bodies extend out of the CNS
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both neurosecretory cells and neurons have what?
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AP and are released via exocytosis but the neurons release NT at syanptic cleft and neurosecretory cells release neurohormones into blood
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example of a neurohormone
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epinephrine
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posterior pituitary releases what hormones?
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1) oxytocin
2) vasopressin (ADH) |
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role of ADH
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limits the production of urine and constriction of the arterioles
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role of oxytocin
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causes contraction of uterus during birth and the ejection of milk by mammary glands during suckling
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ADH and oxytocin are very similar b/c?
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they prb evolved from a single ancestral peptide
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important connection b/w hypothalamus and posterior pituitary illustrates one from of endocrine function:
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neural control of neurosecretory cells
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all anterior pituitary hormones are what type of hormones?
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peptides or protein
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the hormones of the ant. pit. that have principle effects on nonendocrine tissues?
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GH and prolactin and MSH
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the hormones of the ant. pit. that contorl other endocrine glands (tropic)
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TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH
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hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
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interface b/w the brain and much of the endocrine system
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releasing hormones (RH)
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some hypothalamic neurohormones that stimulate secretion of hormones
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example of a releasing hormone
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TRH- from the hypothalamus stimulates the secretion of TSH in the ant. pit. and TSH travels through the general circulation to stimulate the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland -->figure on page 402!!!!
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what three-part axis mediates the secretion of thyroid hormones?
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hypothalamus-ant pit- thyroid axis
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example of two part axis?
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growth hormone releasing hormone from hypothalmus to GH secreted by ant. pit.
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example of three part axis?
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hypothalamus-pit-adrenal cortex (HPA)
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glucocorticoids are released from what?
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adrenal cortex
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glucocorticoids are what type of hormone
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steroid hormones
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stressful situation cause release of what?
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glucocorticoids
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under stressful situation describe the actions of hormones?
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1. corticoptropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus
2. CRH is traveled via the portal system to the ant. pitu. where it stimualtes ACTH secretion into the circulation 3. ACTH is carried to adrenal cortex where is stimulated the secretion of glucorticoids |
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negative feedback during the stress response?
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in the HPA axis, high glucocorticoid levels tend to suppress the secretion of CRH by the hypothalamus and ACTH by the ant/ pit.a nd reduce the responsiveness of the ACTH cells to CRH -->result: less ACTH and therefore adrenal cortex receives less of a stimulus to secrete glucocorticoids
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example of positive feedback discusses in chapt. 16
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oxytocin
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synergism
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one hormone can amplify the effect of another
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example of synergism
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ADH acts together w/ CRH to increase the secretion of the ACTH from the ant.pit. (greater secretion than CRH alone)
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permissiveness
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the presence of one hormone is required for the other to exert an effect
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example of permissiveness
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ortisol permitting the catecholamines epinerphrine and nor. cause contriciton of blood vessels, a function necesssary to maintain normal BP
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antagonism
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one hormone opposes the action of another
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example of antagonism
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insulin and glucagon-->glucagon stimulates the release of glucose and Fatty acid into blood and insulin promotes uptake of glucose from blood by many different tissues
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what influences endocrine control pathways?
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1) neural modulation- internal and external receptor modifications -->ex: stres
2) biological clocks-->blood levesl of cortisol rise and fall in daily rhythm; highest in early mornig and lowest during evening |
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interactions b/w insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine graph
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1. glucago and ephinerphrine work synergistically and amplify each others effect to oppose the action of insulin
2. antagonism: insulin or epinephrine alone oppose the action of insulin (but insulin stronger than both alone) 3. insulin +epinerphrine stronger than insulin + glucagon |
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what two systems coordinate the stress response to an acute threat
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HPA axis and autonomic NS
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stress response include two phases?
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1. catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) trigger increase in heart rate and respiration rates, BP, etc. -->stimulates glucagon and inhibits inslin secretion
2. glucocoticords are secreted by adrenal gland and reinforce the actions of catecholamines. produce glucose in gluconeognesis |
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affects of glucocorticoids of adrenal cortex
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1. opposed actions of insulin
2. protein catabolism 3. fat catabolism 4. liver gluconeogenesis 5. inhibits TSH, gonadotropins, GH, |
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during early phase of stress, glucocorticoids and catecholamines also stimulate what system?
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immune system
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glucocorticoids have what type of effects on immune system
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anti-inflammatory effects and thus keep the immune system from overreacting and damaging healthy cells and tissues
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cytokines
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are chemical messengers that are releasesd when certain cells detect bacterial or viral pathogens-->some travel in blood to hypothamalus to stimualte CRH neurosecretory cells
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using cytokines for immune response is helpful for two reasons:
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1. physiological responsese of the HPA axis, such as the mobilization of energy stores help the animal fight infection
2. glucocorticoids inhibit production of agents that cause inflammation |
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CRH stimulates what in the stress response?
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HPA axis and the sympathetic NS
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cytokines stimulated the cells of the immune system stimulate release of what?
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CRH
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glucocortidcoids in high concentrations modulate the immune respones by muting the actions that cause what?
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inflammation
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insulin promotes what?
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the formation of glycogen, triglyerides, and proteins AND
the uptake of glucose, AA, and fatty acids from the blood into tissues |
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glucagon stimuates what?
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liver the break down glycogen and release glucose into blood
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glucagon stimulates what process?
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gluconeogenesis
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stress does what to insulin and glucago?
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stimulates glucagon and inhibits insulin
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which hormone exerts hypoglycemic effect?
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insulin because it causes decrease in blood glucose levels
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which hormone exerts hyperglycemic effect?
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glucagon because causes blood glucose levels to increase
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role of glucagon
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breaks down triglycerides and stimulates gluconeogensis and inhibits triglyceride synthesis
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when high carb meal consumed what happens?
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blood levels of glucose increase, insulin secretion increase, and glucagon secretions decreases
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when a high protein meal is consumed what happens?
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both insulin and glucagon increase. the rise in insulin promotes the incorporate of absorbed AA into body proteins. the rise in glucagon is beneficial becuase high protein meal itself supplies little glucose, yet the brain does require glucose
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ADH acts to do what?
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conserve water and prevent the production of large volume of urine
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the action of AVP (from of ADH) stimulates incorporation of what?
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aquaporins into membranes of epithelial cells in the collecting duct of nephron
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the epithelial cells of the tubules of the nephron are connceted by what?
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tight junctions
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water in the lumen of the collecting duct is destine for what?
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excretion unless it can pass through the epithelial cells back into the interstitial fluid and plasma
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the ADH stimulates the aquaporins by what system?
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secondary messenger system
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action of the ADH (diagram)
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1. AVP binds to a receptor
2. the receptor acts through a 2ndary messenger system to release the aquaporin mlces from the storage vesicles 3. the aquaporin channels are incorporated into the apical membrane 4. water follows its osmotic gradient into the epithelial cells 5. into the extracellular fluid 6. water moves into the blood through the space b/w capillary endothelial cells |
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aldosterone
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is a steroid hormone that is produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex
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target cells of aldosterone
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epithelial cells located in the distal tubule of the nephron
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aldosterone does what?
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reabsorbs sodium and stimulates the secretion of potassium
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aldosterone is secreted undert what conditions
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low arterial BP
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aldosterone stimulates the synthesizing of what?
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new Na-K ATPase pumps and sodium and potassium channels
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series of events that lead to the secretion of aldosteron
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1. detection of low BP-->specialized juxtaglomerular cells in kidney secrete renin
2. renin interacts enzymatically w/ angiotensinogen, produced in liver 3. renin cleaves a peptide bond to produce angiotensin I 4. ACE cleaves two AA form angiotensin I to make angiotensin II 4. angiotensin II stimulates secretion of aldosteron form adrenal cortex |
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atrial natruretic peptide role
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inhibits reasborption of sodium and increases its excretion, inhibits secretion of ADH, renin, and aldosterone, and doesn't conserve water-->corrects high BP
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two hormones that can act as NT
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ADH and oxytocin
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roles of ADH and oxytocin as NT:
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control behaviors related to monogamy and social attachment
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when oxytocin injected into prarie voles what happens?
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promotes monogamy and parental care w/o mating
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what happens when oxytocin antagonists injected into female?
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prevents monogamy w/ sex
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in male prarie voles, what elicits monogamy and parental care?
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ADH (AVP)
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distance continuum (6)
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1. gap junctions: one cell to next
2. cell adhesion mlces: outside signaling b/w adjacent cells 3. NTs: realeased at presynaptic neurons to act on neurons, muscles, endocrin cells 4. paracrines or autocrins: influence cells in local env 5. hormones and neurohormomes: long distance communication 6. pheromones and kariomones: w/in and b/w species; hormonal communication |
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hemimetabolous
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juvenile forms exist and immature juvenil from resembles adult except smaller and immature
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stages of hemimetabolous:
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1. nymph
2. molts 3. instars- periods b/w molts |
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holometabolous
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complete metamorphosis
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stages of holometabolous:
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1. larva
2. pupa 3. adult |
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big three hormones involved in insect metamorphosis
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PTTH, ecdysone, juvenile hormone
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