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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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opener: challenges of obtaining water |
look up |
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water in vs. water out |
Water In • Pre-formed in food • Drinking • Metabolic water • Osmosis Water Out • Evaporation –Respiratory –Cutaneous • Urine • Feces • Osmosis |
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three homeostatic processes (water consumption and excretion) |
– Osmotic regulation • Osmotic pressure of body fluids – Ionic regulation • Concentrations of specific ions – Volume regulation • Total water volume Major Organs Involved: Kidneys, Gills, and Extra-Renal Salt Glands |
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a molting blue crab |
When sheds exoskeleton it takes on extra water in a carefully orchestrated way and swells. the Swell cracks open the exoskeleton -the swelling also allows the muscles to work while the new exoskeleton is forming |
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Ionic and osmotic challenges (marine mOsm vs fresh water vs terrestrial) |
• Marine environments (1000 mOsm) • Animals tend to gain salts and lose water • Freshwater environments (0.5-15 mOsm) • Animals tend to lose salts and gain water • Terrestrial environments • Animals tend to lose water • Many animals move between environments or live in variable environments and must be able to alter their homeostaCc mechanisms • Estuarine Animals (0.5-30 mOsm) • Salmon |
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Relative ion concentrations inside and outside an individual animal cell |
• similarosmolarities • different ioniccompositions |
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the fundamental principles of cell volume regulation |
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How do animal achieve cell volume regulation |
altering their content of organic molecules |
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What percent of body fluid makes up young adult's body weight -three different types of body fluid |
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Different approaches to animals water and salt physiology |
• Osmoregulation – maintenance of homeostatic levels of: – Solutes • Number (concentration) • Type (e.g., Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-) –Water • Osmoconformity – allowing tissue osmolarity to approximate ambient conditions (often involves regulation) |
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osmotic regulation and conformity (graphic representation) |
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Ionic and Osmotic regulation -ability to cope with external salinities |
– Stenohaline • Can tolerate only narrow range • Ex. Many animals that live in the open ocean or in fresh water habitats. – Euryhaline • Can tolerate wide range • Ex. Many estuarine animals |
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Salinity trends in estuarine and seawater and freshwater |
add more info |
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responses to to variation in salinity in an estuarine |
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Natural terrestrial environments and water properties |
• Humidity = partial pressure of water vapor in air • Water vapor displays an upper limit on its partial pressure – Unlike other gasses – Water partial pressure can only reach a certain limit in air, depending on the temperature (saturation) • Warm air holds more water • Evaporation – change of water from liquid to gas form, problem in terrestrial environments • Condensation – opposite of evaporation |
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saturation of water vapor at different temperatures |
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metabolic water (reaction) -what animals use this |
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O • Small desert rodents may get half of their water from metabolic water • 80 – 90% of a kangaroo rat’s water may be in this form |
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Kangaroo Rat behavior to conserve water |
• Burrowing • Fur-lined cheek pouches • Lack of sweat glands • Low metabolic rate, therefore they inhale less dry air • Exhaled air has low H2O • Specialized kidneys • Low fecal H2O -animal remians in cool burrow during the day -respiratory moisture condensed in nasal passages -free water in seeds -metabolic water derived from dry seeds -urine concentrated by countercurrent exchange in extra loop of henle |
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water loss in kangaroo rat vs. lab rat |
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organs of blood regulation |
• Gills • Salt glands • Kidneys – Kidneys start with blood plasma and produce urine – They regulate the composition of plasma by removing water and/or solutes – U/P ratio is a measure of kidney function |
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Environment -solute concentration -osmoregulatory challenge and solution |
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interpretive significance of U/P ratio |
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U/P ratio and effects on composition of blood plasma |
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