Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Forages are important in:
|
providing bulk and fiber, greater than 18% CF or 35% NDF
|
|
|
Forages have less or more nutrient density than energy or protein supplements?
|
Less
|
|
|
Percentage of total land that is grazing land?
|
26%
|
|
|
Area of US landspace used for grassland?
|
half or the land area
|
|
|
Value of hay was exceeded only by:
|
corn and soybean
|
|
|
Role of forages:
|
provide food, conserve soil (reduces erosion), serve as water purifier, major role is for ruminant/livestock nutrition
|
|
|
# of acres in florida that are pasture?
|
4 million, larger than Connecticut
|
|
|
Benefits of feeding forage:
|
enhance gut motility and gut fill, stimulate salivation and PREVENT ACIDOSIS, intake regulator, provide acetic acid (precursor for milk fat synthesis)
|
|
|
Legumes:
|
have nodules for fixing nitrogen, therefore have more protein than grasses.
|
|
|
Alfalfa:
|
Queen of forages, high leaf to stem ratio
|
|
|
Some legumes contain _______ which causes _______
|
saponins, bloat
|
|
|
Grasses are the mainstay of livestock and can be classified as:
|
native, cool or warm season, pasture or range
|
|
|
Cool season forages:
|
grow at cooler temperatures, grow slowly, moderate yields, higher quality (timothy, orchardgrass)
|
|
|
Warm season forages:
|
grow at warmer temperatures, grow faster, yield more, poorer quality(Bermudagrass, Bahiagrass)
|
|
|
Tropical Grasses:
|
make up 85% of feed supply
|
|
|
Forages are the first ____ in the _____ list
|
3 items, NRC
|
|
|
Ideal pasture forage (NRC Class 2)
|
productive, high nutrients, high leaf to stem ratio, persistent, competitive, disease resistant
|
|
|
What is the best indicator of how much forage an animal will eat?
|
NDF
|
|
|
Forage quality:
|
the "performance" of a producing animal, when forage is fed alone and free choice, so depends on voluntary intake
|
|
|
Dry Forages and roughages
|
important in winter and dry season (hay)
|
|
|
Hay is the product of :
|
sun curing, causes carotene losses, but increases Vitamin D levels
|
|
|
Hay quality depends on:
|
species, drying conditions, drying duration, maturity at harvest
|
|
|
Storage losses of hay:
|
spontaneous combustion, heat damage, high DM, minimal losses occur if stored in barn, but more outside
|
|
|
Why is drying so expensive?
|
due to fuel needed for heating and fan rotation
|
|
|
Examples of Crop Residues:
|
cereal straws, corn stover, bean stalks
|
|
|
Sugarcane Bagasse:
|
contains more than 60% of its dry matter in the form of cellulose and hemicellulose but its degradability is very poor. To be suitable as stock feed, bagasse is treated with high pressure steam.
|
|
|
Silage:
|
the product of anaerobic storage of high moisture plants (low pH)
|
|
|
how does silage keep?
|
during anaerobic storage, bacteria degrade sugars into acids which hinder the growth spoilage.
|
|
|
Why is silage important?
|
important to dairy industry, provides a consistant quality of forage, minimizes fluctuation in milk production
|
|
|
in silage: grain gives ______ and the stalk gives ________
|
starch, digestible fiber
|
|
|
______ pickles the silage preventing growth of yeasts.
|
Low pH
|
|
|
Types of fermentation:
|
homolactic fermentation (low pH), heterolactic fermentation (higher pH), secondary fermentation (high moisture, high pH)
|
|
|
How can you tell if corn is at the right maturity for harvesting?
|
half milk line
|
|
|
Types of silage storage:
|
tower, pit, Ag bag, silo, round bale, bunker
|
|
|
Chopping and Grinding (silages)
|
provides uniform product, may degrade digestibility, increase rumen acidity
|
|
|
Forage processing types:
|
cubing, pelleting: increases intake and rate of passage, not dusty, easier transport
|
|
|
Factors affecting forage quality:
|
irrigation, fertilizer, maturity, nutrient losses during preservation, species, cutting height, cutting frequency
|
