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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Have a general knowledge on the different concentrate feedstuffs (give from each class 3 examples).
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Cereal grains - rice - maize - barley - oats - wheat - rye - triticale
Pulses / Legume seeds - common bean - horse bean (faba bean) - chick pea - lentils - lupins
Oil seeds - sunflower seeds - rapeseed - soybean - linseed - sesame seed
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Why ensiling is applied to roughages. |
During ensiling the Ph will drop from 6 - 7 to around 4.5. This will prevent other bacteria to develop and it can be stored for a longer period.
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Effects of drying of forages on feeding value.
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When you dry forages energy is lost. |
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True or false: Bodyweight gian is the result of higher feed intake. |
true |
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Why should calcium be fed later in the day to laying hens? |
Because later in the day the shell is formed around the ovum. |
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Name 3 groups of co-products and two examples within these groups. |
Carbohydrate rich co-products * Liquid wheat starch * Whey * steamed potato peal * Bran * Middlings * Grit
Protein rich co-products * Fish meal * Meat meal * Feather meal * Blood meal * Soybean meal
Fat rich co-products * Fish oil
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Be able to re-produce the 5 groups of additives and their different functions (and to know 2 to 3 examples within each group).
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Technological additives (examples: binders, emulgators, preservatives, antioxidants) Sensory additives (examples: pigments, artificial odors and flavours) Nutritional additives (examples: vitamins, minerals, amino acids, trace elements) Zootechnical additives (antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes, probiotics, prebiotics) Coccidiostats and histomonostats |
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Difference between nonstructural and structural carbohydrates in terms of digestion. |
Nonstructural Sucrose is digested (hydrolyzed) by sucrose and fructose Lactose is hydrolyzed in the gut by lactase in glucose and galactose Starch is hydrolysed in by amlysae into maltose and isomaltose
Structural NSP cannot be hydrolyzed by the enzymes of the animal, but via microbial fermentation into the gastrointestinal rumen. These have the ability to produce enzymes that are capable to hydrolyze structural carbohydrates Pigs, poultry, cats and dogs are less capable to breakdown these carbohydrates Disadvantage of many structural CH is that they encapsulate other feed components (proteins and minerals) rendering them also unavailable for digestion in the small intestine.
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Difference between digestion, absorption and utilization
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Digestion = breaking down nutrients into smaller parts Absorption = taking up nutrients Utilization = using nutrient for the body
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What is maintenance? |
o maintaining body weight and body composition o maintaining physiological balances o normal activities of organs and tissue for these purposes o maintaining body temperature o activities such as moving, eating, chewing, standing, etc.
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What is the basic structure of an amino acid? |
R-COOH(NH2). |
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What are limiting aa? |
For protein synthesis, all the necessary amino acids must be present at the same time. If one of the required aa is present in less than adequate amounts (=limiting), the protein synthesis cannot take place. Thus, the limiting aa determines the efficiency with which amino acids are being utilised for protein synthesis.
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Name the general types of proteins with maximum 2 examples. |
o globular proteins (soluble in water or in dilute acids or in alcohol, albumines/globulines) o fibrous proteins (insoluble in water, resistant to digestive enzymes, collagens/elastins) o conjugated proteins (proteins that contain a wide array of compounds of a non-protein nature, protein-lipid/protein-carbohydrate)
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Name the important, essential fatty acids. |
o linoleic acid (LA) o α-linoleic acid (ALA) o Arachidonic acid (AA) o Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) o Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) o Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
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Roles of calcium (Ca): |
- component of the skeleton - activation of trypsin (protein digestion) - activation of lipase (lipid digestion) - co-factor thrombokinase (blood clotting) - ATP (cell metabolism) - transfer of nerve impulse - in permeability of membranes. |
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Roles of phosphorus (P): |
- constituents of the skeleton - occurrence in: phosphor-proteins, nucleic acids, phosphor-lipids - formation sugar-phosphates & ADP and ATP.
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Roles of magenesium (Mg): |
- constituent of bones and teeth - essential in cellular metabolism (energy transfer) - activation of gut peptidases (protein digestion) - relaxes nerve impulses (ruminants/antagonistic to Ca) - rumen alkaliser and buffer.
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Roles of Na, K and Cl: |
They serve a vital function in controlling osmotic pressures and acid-base equilibrium. They also play important roles in water metabolism.
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Roles of iron (Fe): |
- transport of oxygen as part of haemoglobin - part of myoglobin in muscle - cofactor for enzymes - part of transferrin for transporting Fe.
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Differences between apparent and true digestibility and ileal and faecal digestibility.
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Apparent digestibility is the digestibility with no corrections True digestibility is the digestibility with correction of endogenous losses |
