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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Important terms |
Benthic means the organisms which live on the sea floor. Nektons means those which swim actively in sea. Metazoans means multicellular Eukaryotic with holozoic mode of nutrition. Metazoans are divided into further two categories i.e., Parazoa and Eumetazoa. Parazoa includes sponges, cells are loosely aggregated and do not form tissues. Eumetazoa includes rest of animals, form tissues, organs etc. |
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Classification on the basis of organisation |
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Classification on the basis of digestive system |
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Classification on the basis of circulatory system |
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Classification on the basis of body symmetry |
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Classification on the basis of germ layers and body plan |
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Classification on the basis of Coelom |
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Classification on the basis of segmentation and define notochord. |
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Body wall of Porifera |
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Modifications of amoebocytes |
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Canal system in Porifera |
Functions in HINT |
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Some imp features of Porifera |
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Classes of Porifera |
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Examples of Porifera |
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Habitat and general characters of phylum coelenterata. |
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Body wall of coelenterata |
Body wall is divided into two parts i.e., epidermis and gastrodermis. GASTRODERMIS IS IN THE HINT. |
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Species of hydra |
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Some important characters of hydra |
Planula is the larval stage (ciliated). |
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Cnidoblast cells |
It has two parts:- 1) basal nucleus 2) stinging capsule- nematocytes Nematocytes one explodes, now dead. |
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Types of Cnidoblast and its functions |
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Digestion and skeleton in hydra |
Digestion is first extracellular and then intracellular. Skeleton is composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). |
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Body forms of hydra and alternation of generations. |
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Classes of Cnidaria |
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Examples of cnidaria |
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Types of coral reefs |
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Phylum Ctenophora |
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General features of Platyhelminthes |
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General features of fasciola |
It is also known as the liver fluke. It is found in bile duct of sheep and goat. It causes liver rot. It has two hosts in its life cycle i.e., primary host is sheep and goat whereas secondary hosts are snails. Suckers are present. There are three permanent apertures present i.e., mouth, common genital pore, excretory pore. |
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Life history of fasciola |
It exhibit cross fertilization. Cirrus penetrates Laural's canal of other and inject spermatozoa into oviduct. The fertilized eggs surrounded by yolk cells which provide yolk and shell material. The encapsulated embryo doesn't develop further in uterus, it finally comes out with foecal matter. Fasciola show polyembryony in sporocyst and radiae larva. |
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Taenia solium- general features |
It is also known as pork tapeworm. It is a digenetic endoparasite i.e., primary host(adult) is small intestine of human and secondary host(larva) is muscles of pig. |
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Life history of taenia |
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Classes of Platyhelminthes |
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Examples of Platyhelminthes |
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General features of Aschelminths and examples |
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Body of ascaris |
Circular muscles are absent. |
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Sexes of ascaris |
Sexes are separate. Dimorphism present. Male ascaris have curved tail, two penial setae, cloaca, 50 pairs of Pre anal papillae and 5 pairs of post anal papillae. Male is monorchic (single testes). Female is diadelphic (two uteri, two oviducts, two ovaries). It has separate gonopore, at 1/3 distance from anterior end. Formation of gametes is telogonic. Ascaris is monogenetic and egg is mammilated. Embryonic development is outside the body. Larva is rhabiditoid larva. First larval stage is non-infective whereas second larval stage is infective. |
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Mouth of ascaris |
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Excretion in ascaris |
It is by single huge excretory cell called rennet cell (H shaped). |
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Examples with their associated diseases |
HINT ALSO |
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General features of Annelida |
Mostly aquatic, earthworm is terrestrial. Hirudinaria is freshwater and Neries is Marine. Mostly free-living, some parasitic ( hirudinaria, blood sucker- ectoparasite). It is called segmental worms because of the presence of distinct segments. It is metamerically segmented. It has two types of muscles i.e., longitudinal and circular. Parapodia is present in some, examples- Neries. Earthworm has chitinous sitae. Parapodia is absent in hirudinaria. It exhibit extracellular digestion. Respiratory pigments are hemoglobin or erythrocruorin. RBCs are absent. In leech, open blood vascular system is present. Coiled tube, nephridia is present for excretion and osmoregulation. Nervous system is a pair of ganglia and double ventral nerve cord. All annelids are monoecious except Neries. Indirect development is present in Neries. Larva is trochophore larva. Only sexual reproduction present in annelids. Examples:- Neries- sandworm Pheretima- earthworm Hirudinaria- leech Aphrodite- sea mouse Tubifex- Blood worm Megascolex- south indian earthworm |
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Important facts about annelids |
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Classes of annelids |
Rest is in hint. |
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General features of Arthropoda |
Rest in HINT. |
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Types of development in arthropods |
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Some arthropods and their Larva |
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Mouth of insect and types of modifications |
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Who decoded the language of bee dances |
Professor Karl Von Frisch won Nobel Prize for decoding the language of bee dances. True product of honey bee is Bee wax produced by abdominal brands of workers. |
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Examples of arthropods |
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General characters of molluscs |
It is the second largest Phylum of animal kingdom. These are soft bodied animals. The word is derived from latin word 'mollis' which means soft bodied. It is found in all habitats. These are bilaterally symmetrical but some mollusc like Pila, due to torsion (twisting) during growth, become asymmetrical. It is unsegmented and body is covered by a calcareous shell with distinct head, visceral hump and muscular foot. Visceral hump contains the digestive tract and some visceral organs. Soft and spongy layer of skin forms a thin and delicate covering over the visceral hump and is called mantle; it is its characteristic feature. Its function is protection and secretion of calcareous shell. Calcareous shell is absent in octopus. Mantle cavity encloses the feather gills which help in the respiration as well as excretion. Digestive system is complete and digestion is extracellular. Mouth contains a file like rasping organ called radula which is armed with the transverse rows of chitinous teeth. It is a curved, ribbon like structure present in mouth. Respiratory structures are gills and lungs. They oxygenat the blood with the oxygen taken from the waste. Circulatory system is open; body cavities, in which blood flows, are called sinuses. Respiratory pigment is hemocyanin. Amongst mollusc, cephalopods have closed circulatory system. Gills also performs the excretion along with respiration. Excretion is mainly by organ of bojanus. Another excretory organ called Keber's organ is present. Head region may have sensory tentacles which are sensitive to touch. Osphradium is a sensory structure which test the chemical nature of water. Nervous system consist of paired ganglia and several nerves to provide nervous supply to the body. Ganglia are the aggregation of Nerve cells. Sexes are usually separate; examples:- Pila, Sepia, Loligo, Octopus etc. Some monocious forms are Aplysia, Doris etc. Fertilization is both external and internal (internal is more common). Neopilina is a living fossil. No other mollusc shows the body segmentation accept this one. |
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Development in molluscs |
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Pearl formation |
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Examples of molluscs |
Chaetopleura- chiton Dentalium- elephant tusk shell Pila- apple snail Aplysia- sea hare Doris- sea lemon Patella, limux- grey slug, slowest terrestrial invertebrate. Ashantia- land snail Unio- freshwater mussel Mytilus- sea mussel Teredo- shipworm Pecten- scallop Spondylus- edible oyester Pinctada- pearl oyester Solen- razor clam Ostrea- pearly oyester Lamellidens- mussel Sepia- cuttle fish Loligo- sea arrow Octopus- devil fish Nautilus, spirula- spiral shell (ink gland absent) Architeuthis- giant squid. |
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General characters of echinodermata |
It means 'spiny skin'. It possess an endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles. It is exclusively Marine, live at the bottom of sea. It is free living. It is radially symmetrical, their larva is bilaterally symmetrical. Adult echinoderms have a pentamerous radial symmetry and their body parts are arranged along the five axis. Body shape varies from Star like to globe like or cylinder. Between the spines, there are pincer like structures called Pedicellariae to keep the surface clean. Pedicellariae are made up of three calcareous plates. Water vascular system is the most distinctive feature of echinoderms. It is in fact a modified part of ceolom consisting of a system of canal which are filled with watery fluid. Different types of canal together form the water vascular system. It consists of madreporite or seive plate, stone canal, ring canal, radial canal and tube feet. Functions of water vascular system are: it also acts as circulatory system of body maintaining the continuous flow of water. It helps in locomotion, capture and transport of food, and respiration. Instead of blood vascular system, there are present haemal and perihaemal systems which are of coelomic origin. Thus, circulatory system is of open type. No respiratory pigment and no heart. Digestive system is complete. Mouth lies on ventral (lower) side and anus on the dorsal (upper) side of the body. Excretory system is absent. Excretory products diffuse out from the body tissues into the coelomic fluid from where they are finally eliminated out. Sexes are separate. The reproduction is sexual. Fertilization is usually external. Development is indirect, larva is free swimming bilaterally symmetrical. |
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Examples of echinodermata |
Asterias- starfish Pentaceros- starfish Astropecten- starfish Ophiothrix- brittle star Ophiura- brittle star Ophiocoma- brittle star Echinus- sea urchin Clypeaster- cake urchin Echinarachinus- sand dollar Echinocardium- heart urchin Holothuria, cucumaria- sea cucumber Antedon- feather star sea lily |
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General characters of hemichordata |
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General characters of chordata |
These are fundamentally characterized by the presence of an notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord and paired pharyngeal Gill slits. They possess a post anal tail and are closed circulatory system. |
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Difference between chordates and non chordates |
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3 sub phylums of phylum chordata |
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Division of vertebrata |
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Class cyclostomata |
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Green glands are present in (excretory organ of some arthropods). |
In prawn (Palaemon), crayfish (Astacus), lobster (Palinurus), crab (Cancer), shrimp (Lucifer) and water flea (Daphnia). |
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Stability of molecule |
If the number of electrons occupying bonding orbitals is greater than the number of electrons occupying the antibonding orbitals, then the molecule is stable. If the opposite is true then the molecule is unstable. When more bonding orbitals are occupied then bonding influence is stronger and a stable molecule results. |
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Bond order |
It is defined as one half the difference between the number of electrons present in the bonding and the antibonding orbitals. A positive bond order means a stable molecule while and negative or zero bond order means an unstable molecule. |
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Nature of the bond |
Integral bond order values of one, two or three correspond to single, double or triple bonds respectively. |
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