Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Interstitial fluid
|
Fluid that allows for the movement of material into and out of cells
|
|
|
Tissue
|
Groups of cells with similar appearance and a common function
|
|
|
Organ System
|
Groups of organs that work together
|
|
|
Regulator
|
Uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation
|
|
|
Conformer
|
Allows internal condition to vary with certain external changes
|
|
|
Homeostasis
|
“Steady state”, internal balance
|
|
|
Set point
|
Normal range, A certain internal temperature or preferred point of balance
|
|
|
Sensor
|
Detects changes in set point, detects stimuli
|
|
|
Effector
|
Returns variable to the set point
|
|
|
Acclimatization
|
Temporary change
|
|
|
Poikilothermic
|
Body temperature varies with its environment
|
|
|
Homeotherm
|
Body temperature is relatively constant
|
|
|
Metabolic rate
|
Amount of energy an animals uses in a unit of time
|
|
|
BMR
|
The metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest, “comfortable” temperature
|
|
|
SMR
|
The metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest, specific temperature
|
|
|
Torpor
|
Physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
|
|
|
What is the relationship between the rate of exchange and the amount of material that must be exchanged to sustain life?
|
Rate of exchange is proportional to membrane surface area. The amount of material needed to be exchanged is proportional to volume. Greater volume means greater surface area. The greater the amount of material needed to be exchanged, the greater the rate of exchange will be. The rate of exchange is proportional to the amount of material needed to be exchanged.
|
|
|
What are two common body designs that maximize exposure of an animal’s cells to the surrounding medium?
|
Sac-like body plans of Cnidarians.
Flat body plan of Platyhelminthes |
|
|
What are the evolutionary adaptations that enable animals with more complex body designs to ensure sufficient exchange between each body cell and the environment?
|
Highly folded internal surfaces for exchanging materials. The circulatory system ensures that materials are exchanged throughout the organism.
|
|
|
Know the four main tissue types.
|
Epithelial
Connective Muscle Nervous |
|
|
Know the various shapes and arrangements of epithelial cells.
|
Shapes: Cuboidal, Columnar, Squamous
Arrangements: Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified |
|
|
What does the term polarization mean with respect to epithelial tissue?
|
Two different sides.
Apical surface=faces lumen or outside of the organ. Basal surface=attached to basal lamina (dense extracellular matrix) that seperates epithelia and other tissues |
|
|
What are the three types of connective tissue fiber?
|
Collagenous: Provide strength and flexibility
Elastic: Stretch, snap back to original length Reticular: Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues (rope-like) |
|
|
What are the six major types of connective tissue?
|
Loose Connective: Bind epithelia, hold organs in place. All 3 fibers.
Fibrous Connective: Found in tendons and ligaments. Collagenous fiber. Bone: Mineralized collagen matrix. Has calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions. Cartilage: Collagenous fibers embedded in a matrix of chondroitin sulfate (protein-carbohydrate complex). Strong yet flexible support. Adipose: Specialized loose connective tissue. Stores fat in adipose cells throughout its matrix. Blood: Liquid extracellular matrix. Contains erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), and platelets (cell fragments). |
|
|
Know the three different types of muscle tissue found in the vertebrate body and be able to distinguish among them.
|
Skeletal: Striated, consists of bundles of long cells called muscle fibers. Voluntary movement.
Smooth: Not striated, spindle-shaped cells, controlled by ANS. Involuntary movement. Cardiac: Striated, has intercalated discs, found in walls of heart. Involuntary movement. |
|
|
What are the two types of nervous tissue and what are their functions?
|
Neurons: Transmit nerve impulses.
Glial Cells: Nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons. |
|
|
How does endocrine system signaling differ from that of the nervous system?
|
Endocrine signaling is:
Slower with longer-lasting effects. Hormone depends on certain receptors, not certain pathways (like nervous system). Hormones released into bloodstream, travels throughout body instead of on certain pathways. |
|
|
Be able to describe in detail a negative feedback loop and all its components.
|
Stimuli are fluctuations that go above or below a certain set point.
These fluctuations are detected by a sensor, which then triggers an effector to return the temperature back to its set point. |
|
|
How do negative feedback and positive feedback differ?
|
Negative feedback is where a response reduces or dampens the stimuli to return it to the set point. Positive feedback is where a response amplifies or enhances the stimulus.
|
|
|
How does an endothermic animal differ from an ectothermic one?
|
An endothermic animal uses part of its metabolism to generate heat for maintaining a constant internal body temperature. An ectothermic animal does not use part of its metabolism to generate heat for maintaining a constant internal body temperature. It allows for more fluctuation of its body temperature with its environment.
|
|
|
What are the advantages and disadvantages of ectothermy and endothermy?
|
Ectothermy advantages:
Requires less food (compared to an endotherm of the same size) Has a lower metabolic rate Tolerate larger internal fluctuations Ecothermy disadvantages: Can’t maintain intense activities for long durations of time Endothermy advantages: Can maintain intense activity over long periods of time Can maintain stable internal body temperature despite temperature fluctuations Endothermy disadvantages: Require more food Higher metabolic rate |
|
|
What are the four principle processes by which an organism can exchange heat with its environment?
|
Conduction, convention, radiation, and evaporation (heat always goes from hot to cold!)
|
|
|
What are five general adaptations that help animals thermoregulate?
|
Insulation
Circulatory adaptations Cooling by evaporative heat loss Behavioral responses Adjusting metabolic heat production |
|
|
How do vasodilation and vasoconstriction facilitate thermoregulation?
|
Vasodilation allows for more blood to flow near the surface of the skin, therefore aiding in the transfer of heat and allowing for heat loss. Vasoconstriction decreases the amount of blood flow near the skin, inhibiting the transfer of heat and retaining more heat.
|
|
|
With the use of a diagram describe how a countercurrent exchange system can function to reduce heat loss?
|
Countercurrent exchange is where heat is transferred between fluids flowing in opposite directions. As one heat-filled fluid travels towards the end of a muscle, it is traveling alongside a fluid going the opposite direction. Heat is transferred between these two fluids, allowing the organisms to retain this heat instead of losing it at the end of the muscle.
|
|
|
Describe how thermoregulation is controlled in humans.
|
Thermoregulation is controlled in humans by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms. This includes circulatory adaptations (vasoconstriction/dilation), insulation (skin, hair), cooling by evaporative heat loss (sweating), and adjusting metabolic heat production (shivering).
|
|
|
What are two of the most important factors that can affect metabolic rate (besides whether an animal is an endotherm or ectotherm)?
|
Size and activity. Size is proportional to the metabolic rate, and activity is inversely related to metabolic rate.
|
