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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cerebrum
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sensory, motor, integrative and associative processing areas
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Cerebellum
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balance and motor coordination
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Medulla Oblongata
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controls autonomic functions such as heart rate and breathing
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Corpus Callosum
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allows the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate
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Optic Chiasma
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Where optic nerves cross
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Pituitary Gland
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NOT part of CNS
secretes 6 hormones that either have direct effects on target tissues or indirect "tropic effects" on other endocrine glands |
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Hypothalamus
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link between neural and endocrine system - also responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the body and regulates sleep cycles, etc.
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Pons
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unites messages from cerebellum and cerebral cortex
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Pineal Body
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involved in biorhythms such as growth stages (puberty)
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Thalamus
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sensory integration area and sensory relay on the way to the cerebrum
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Meninges
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brain coverings - helps retain cerebral spinal fluid and protection
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Epithelial Tissue
a. Origin b. Function c. Two Categories |
(always lines a cavity/space)
a. all 3 germ layers (ectodermal, endodermal, mesodermal) b. provides protection c. Simple and Stratified epithelia |
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Simple Epithelia
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single layer of epithelial cells
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Stratified Epithelia
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two or more layers of epithelial cells
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Connective Tissue
a. Origin b. Function c. Three Types |
a. mesodermal
b. functions to bind and support other tissues c. Loose Connective, Dense Connective, Special Connective |
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Loose Connective Tissue
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used as binding to attach epithelia to underlying tissue as a packaging material to hold organs in place (ex: adipose)
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Dense Connective Tissue
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composed of densely packed fibers, major supportive functions
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Three Types of Special Connective Tissue
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1. Cartilage
2. Bone 3. Blood |
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Muscle Tissue
a. Origin b. Function c. Classification System |
a. mesoderm
b. functions for movement of the body c. classified using following criteria: i. Color (red vs. white) ii. Location (somatic vs. visceral) iii. Nervous System Control (voluntary vs. involuntary) |
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Somatic
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move bone or cartilage
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Visceral
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control activities of organs
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Voluntary
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under immediate conscious control
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Involuntary
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automatic, not under conscious control
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Smooth (visceral) Muscle
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- lacks alternating bands
- principle functions in vertebrates are to push material into a tube by contractions and diameter regulation (peristalsis) - involuntary |
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Striated Muscle
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appears transversely striped (striated) with alternating dark and light bands
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Skeletal Muscle
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- striated
- composed of extremely long, cylindrical fibers, multinucleated - striated appears due to actin and myosin line up - voluntary |
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Cardiac Muscle
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- striated
- found only in vertebrate heart - cells are interconnected by intercalated disks which allow sharing of chemicals - involuntary |
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Nervous Tissue
a. Origin b. Function |
a. ectoderm
b. ectodermal cells differentiate nerve cells - the nerve cells migrate inward to form nerves of the body, spinal cord, brain, etc. |
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Mammalian Adaptations for Success (5)
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1. Hair (protection and warmth)
2. Placental nourishment 3. Mammary glands 4. Specialized teeth 5. Nervous system highly developed |
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Axial Skeleton
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portion of skeleton consisting of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and rib cage
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Appendicular Skeleton
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pectoral and pelvic girdles and their appendages
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Diaphysis
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the shaft of the bone where marrow is found
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Epiphysis
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extremities of the bone where growth occurs
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Synarthrosis
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an immovable joint (suture joints in the skull)
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Amphiarthrosis
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a slightly movable joint (vertebral joints)
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Diarthrosis
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a movable joint (elbow)
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Phylum and Subphylum of Class Mammalia
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Chordata, Vertebrata
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Taxonomy of Mammals
Class? 5 Orders? (LRCCPA) |
Class - Mammalia
Orders - Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Carnivora, Chiroptera, Primates, Artiodactyla |
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Rabbits belong to which order?
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Lagomorpha
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Mice, rats, and other rodents belong to which order?
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Rodentia
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Dogs and cats belong to which order?
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Carnivora
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Bats belong to which order?
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Chiroptera
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Humans, apes, and other primates belong to which order?
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Primates
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The fetal pig belongs to which order?
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Artiodactyla
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Skull
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- axial skeleton
- protects brain |
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Ribs
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- axial skeleton
- protects lungs |
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Sternum
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- axial skeleton
- breastbone |
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Atlas
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- axial skeleton
- top vertebrae |
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Vertebral Column (axial skeleton, 5 regions)
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1. Cervical (neck region)
2. Thoracic (attach ribs) 3. Lumbar (below ribs) 4. Sacral (pelvic girdle) 5. Caudal/Coccyx (tail region) |
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Scapula
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- appendicular skeleton
- shoulder blade |
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Clavicle
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- appendicular skeleton
- collar bone |
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Humerus
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- appendicular skeleton
- upper arm bone |
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Radius
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- appendicular skeleton
- lower arm bone, thumb side of wrist |
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Ulna
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- appendicular skeleton
- lower arm bone, pinky side of wrist |
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Carpal Bones
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- appendicular skeleton
- wrist bones |
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Metacarpal Bones
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- appendicular skeleton
- hand bones |
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Phalanges
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- appendicular skeleton
- finger and toe bones |
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Pelvic Girdle
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- appendicular skeleton
- formed by fusion of the ileum, ischium, and the pubis |
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Femur
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- appendicular skeleton
- thigh bone |
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Patella
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- appendicular skeleton
- kneecap |
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Fibula
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- appendicular skeleton
- outer lower leg bone |
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Tibia
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- appendicular skeleton
- inner lower leg bone (shin) |
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Tarsal Bones
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- appendicular skeleton
- ankle bones, fused together to form heel bone |
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Metatarsal Bones
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- appendicular skeleton
- foot bones connecting toes to ankles |
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Origin (muscle)
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stationary end where muscle begins
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Insertion (muscle)
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moving end where muscle ends
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Action (muscle)
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movement produced by muscle
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Abduction (muscle)
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movement away from midline of the body
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Adduction (muscle)
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movement towards the midline of the body
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Extension (limbs)
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straightening limbs at a joint
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Flexion (limbs)
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bending limbs at a joint
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Hard Palate
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separates nasal from oral cavity
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Soft palate
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separates nasal from oral cavity
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Pharynx
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connects oral cavity to esophagus and larynx
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Esophagus
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pathway for food
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Epiglottis
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cartilage cover for glottis
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Glottis
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space between vocal folds
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Thymus
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part of immune and lymphoid system
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Trachea
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conduit for air
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Thyroid
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endocrine gland
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Lungs
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gas exchange
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Heart
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pumps blood through systemic and pulmonary circuits
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Pleura
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membrane that helps keep lungs inflated, reduce friction
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Pericardium
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prevents friction on heart during contraction
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Umbilical Vein
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brings oxygenated blood from placenta to vena cava
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Diaphragm
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causes inhalation of air
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Liver
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regulates and stores glucose, produces bile
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Gallbladder
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stores and concentrates bile
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Stomach
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food storage and digestion
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Small Intestine
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chemical digestion, absorption
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Large Intestine
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reabsorption of water, fecal formation
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Spleen
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destroys old RBC's, blood storage
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Umbilical Arteries
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carries deoxygenated blood to placenta
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Allantoic bladder/ Fetal urinary bladder
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urine storage
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Kidneys
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excretion, osmoregulation
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Pyloric Valve
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controls emptying of stomach
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Rectum
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feces formation
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Anus
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controls exit of feces
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Bile Duct
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passageway for bile from gallbladder to duodenum
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Pancreas
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produces digestive enzymes
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Pancreatic Duct
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passageway to duodenum from pancreas
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Urethra
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adult excretory canal
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Ureter
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passageway for urine from renal pelvis to bladder
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Genital Papilla
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external genitalia on female fetal pig
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Systemic Circuit
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from the heart to the rest of the body and back
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Pulmonary Circuit
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from the heart to the lungs and back
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Adult Blood Flow Sequence
(start with deoxy blood, superior vena cava) |
Superior Vena - Right Atrium - Tricuspid Valve - Right Ventricle - Semi Lunar Valve - Pulmonary Trunk - Pulmonary Artery - Lungs via pulmonary circuit - Pulmonary Vein - Left Atrium - Bicuspid Valve - Left Ventricle - Aortic Semi Lunar Valve - Aorta - Body via Systematic Circuit
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Artery
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away from heart
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Vein
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to heart
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Placenta
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structure that contains vessels that bring oxygenated blood and nutrients to the fetus and receive waste and deoxygenated blood from the fetus
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Ductus Venosus
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shortcut connecting the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava without going through the liver
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Foramen Ovale
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shortcut allowing blood to pass from right to left atrium and bypass the lungs
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Ductus Arterissus
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helps the oxygenated blood bypass the lungs
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Three Modifications in Fetal Circulation
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1. Ductus Venosus
2. Forman Ovale 3. Ductus Arteriosus |
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CNS
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- Central Nervous System
- brain and spinal cord |
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PNS
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- Peripheral Nervous System
- includes Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems |
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Somatic Nervous System
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voluntary
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Autonomic Nervous System
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- involuntary
- sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Sympathetic
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excitatory, "fight or flight" ( increased heart rate, respiration rate, and decreased digestion)
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Parasympathetic
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inhibitory, "rest or digest" (store and increase energy and digestion)
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Three Main Types of Symmetry
(Cumulative) |
1. None
2. Radial 3. Bilateral (also Secondary Penta-Radial) |
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Three Main Body Cavity Types
(Cumulative) |
1. Acoelomate (no true body cavity)
2. Pseudocoelomate (body gavity between gastroderm and mesoderm) 3. Coelomate (lined on both sides by mesodermally derived tissue) |
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Protostome
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Blastopore becomes mouth
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Deuterostome
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Blastopore becomes anus
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Three Skeletal Types
(Cumulative) |
1. Hydrostatic
2. Endoskeleton 3. Exoskeleton |
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Metamerism
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unsegmented or segmented
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5 Protist Kingdoms
(AAAERS) |
Amoeba
Alveolata Archaezoa Euglenozoa Rhodophyta Stramenopila |
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Four Levels or Organization
(Cumulative) |
1. Protoplasmic
2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ |
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Eight Types of Gas Exchange
(Cumulative) |
1. Osmosis
2. Diffusion 3. Gills 4. Book Lungs 5. Spiracles 6. Dermal Branchiae 7. Phharyngeal Gills 8. Lungs |
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Five Feeding Mechanisms
(Cumulative) |
1. Phagocytosis
2. Osmotropic 3. Suspension Feeders 4. Ingestion 5. Filter Feeding |
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Types of Reproduction
(Cumulative) |
1. Binary fission/ Schizogony
2. Sexual vs. Asexual 3. Budding 4. Hermaphroditic 5. Internal vs. External Fertilization |
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Phylum Porifera (symmetry, body cavity type, Pro/Deu, metamerism, skeleton type, unique characteristics)
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no symmetry, no body cavity, no pro/deu, unsegmented, endoskeleton of spicules, spicules and choanocytes
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Phylum Cnidaria (symmetry, body cavity type, Pro/Deu, metamerism, skeleton type, unique characteristics)
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radial symmetry, no body cavity, no pro/deu, unsegmented, hydrostatic skeleton, polymorphism and cnidocytes with nematocysts
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Phylum Nematoda - Round Worms (symmetry, body cavity type, Pro/Deu, metamerism, skeleton type, unique characteristics)
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bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelomate, protostome, unsegmented, hydrostatic skeleton, longitudinal muscles only
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Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flat Worms (symmetry, body cavity type, Pro/Deu, metamerism, skeleton type, unique characteristics)
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bilateral symmetry, acoelomate, protostome, unsegmented, hydrostatic skeleton, eye spots (cephalization)
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Phylum Annelida - Segmented Round Worms (symmetry, body cavity type, Pro/Deu, metamerism, skeleton type, unique characteristics)
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bilateral symmetry, coelomate, protostome, segmented, hydrostatic skeleton, setae and long/circ muscles
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Phylum Mollusca - Clams (symmetry, body cavity type, Pro/Deu, metamerism, skeleton type, unique characteristics)
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bilateral symmetry, coelomate, protostome, unsegmented, exoskeleton, shell-foot-mantle-visceral mass
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Phylum Arthropoda - Insects (symmetry, body cavity type, Pro/Deu, metamerism, skeleton type, unique characteristics)
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bilateral symmetry, coelomate, protostome, segmented, exoskeleton, unique respiratory structures and tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen)
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Phylum Echinodermata - Sea Star (symmetry, body cavity type, Pro/Deu, metamerism, skeleton type, unique characteristics)
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secondary pentaradial symmetry (larvae are bilateral and adults are pentaradial), coelomate, deuterostome, unsegmented, dermal endoskeleton, water vascular system and no brain
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Phylum Chordata (symmetry, body cavity type, Pro/Deu, metamerism, skeleton type, unique characteristics)
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bilateral symmetry, coelomate, deuterostome, segmented, endoskeleton, notochord-dorsal nerve chord-pharyngeal gill slits-endostyle/thyroid-post anal tail
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Phylum Protista, Kingdom Euglenozoa (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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Euglena and Trypanosoma, no circulation, protoplasmic, osmosis, phagocytosis, binary fission/schizogony
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Phylum Protista, Kingdom Alveolata (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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Plasmodium and Paramecium, no circulation, protoplasmic, osmosis, paramecium=phagocytosis and plasmodium=osmotrophic, paramecium=binary fission/schizogony and plasmodium=sexual/asexual life cycle
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Phylum Protista, Kingdom Rhodophyta (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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Red algae, no circulation, protoplasmic, osmosis
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Phylum Porifera (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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sponges, no circulation, cellular level, osmosis, suspension feeders/phagocytosis, hermaphroditic sexual
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Phylum Cnidaria (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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jellyfish-hydra-sea anemone, no circulation, tissue level, osmosis, ingestion, capable of sexual and asexual reproduction (budding)
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Phylum Platyhelminthes (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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planaria-flukes-tapeworms, no circulation, tissue level, diffusion, ingestion, hermaphroditic sexual
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Phylum Nematoda (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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round worm-ascaris, no circulation, organ level, diffusion, ingestion, sexual
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Phylum Annelida (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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earthworms-leeches-clamworms, closed, organ level, diffusion through skin, ingestion, hermaphroditic sexual
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Phylum Mollusca (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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clams-snails-squid-octopus, open (cephalopods closed), organ level, gills (snails have lungs), suspension feeding, sexual (snails are hermaphrodites)
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Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Chelicerata (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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horseshoe crabs-spiders-ticks, open, organ level, book lungs, ingestion, sexual
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Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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crayfish, open, organ level, gills, ingestion, sexual
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Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Myriapoda and Hexapoda (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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insects-centipedes-millipedes, open, organ level, tracheal system of spiracles, ingestion, sexual
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Phylum Echinodermata (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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sea stars/urchins/cucumbers-sand dollars, no circulation, organ level, dermal branchiae, ingestion, external fertilization (sexual)
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Cephalochordata (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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lancelet-amphioxus, closed, organ level, pharyngeal gill slits, filter feeding, sexual
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Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Actinopterygii (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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fish: perch, closed, organ level, gills, ingestion, external fertilization (sexual)
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Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Amphibia (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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frogs-salamanders-axolotl, closed, organ level, gills and lungs, ingestion, external fertilization (sexual)
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Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Reptilia (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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snakes-aliigators-crocodiles, closed, organ level, lungs, ingestion, internal fertilization (sexual)
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Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Aves (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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birds, closed, organ level, lungs, ingestion, internal fertilization (sexual)
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Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Mammalia (examples, open/closed circulation, level of organization, gas exchange, feeding mechanism, reproduction)
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mammals, closed, organ level, lungs, ingestion, sexual
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