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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sagittal Plane
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bisects body into right and left halves
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Frontal Plane
aka Coronal Plane |
at right angles to the sagittal plane dividing dorsal and ventral sides
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Transverse Plane
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divides anterior and posterior
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Anterior
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front of head end
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Posterior
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tail or hind end
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Dorsal
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back or uppermost side
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Ventral
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belly side
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Lateral
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the side of the body, to the side of the midline
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Cephalic/Cranial
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head end
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Caudal
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tail end
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Proximal
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toward the point of attachment
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Distal
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away from the point of attachment
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Longitudinal
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the long axis of the body; lengthwise
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Peripheral
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parts away from the center
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Superficial
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on or near the surface
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Oral
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mouth or region around the mouth
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Aboral
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away from the mouth
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Radial Symmetry
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body parts arranged around a central axis such that any plane passing through the central axis divides the body into two similar halves
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Bilateral Symmetry
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only a sagittal plane will divide the body into like halves
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Total Magnification Calculation
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Ocular Lens x Objective Lens
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Protists
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Unicellular eukaryotes, free living, autotrophic and/or heterotrophic, asexual and/or sexual, protoplasmic level of organization, not animals
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Protist Kingdoms
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Rhodophyta, Alveolata, Amoebas, Archaezoa, Stramenopila, Euglenozoa
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Amoebas
(know nucleus, food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles) |
unicellular
heterotrophs bottom of lakes and ponds pseudopodia asexual reproduction by binary fission recurrent body forms |
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Volvox
(know daughter colonies, zooids) |
Kingdom Rhodophyta
freshwater environments flagella for locomotion daughter colonies formed by cell divisions of asexual reproduction vegetative cells/zooids are single celled |
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Euglena
(know flagellum, chloroplasts, nucleus, eye spot) |
Kingdom Euglenozoa
Freshwater environment (hypotonic) Chloroplasts to photosynthesize(autotrophic) Can resort to heterotrophic methods Flagellum (tail) for locomotion Asexual reproduction by binary fission |
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What is an 'eyespot'?
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photoreceptor
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Kinetoplastids
(ex Trypanosoma) |
Kingdom Euglenozoa
Habit/Host is blood Parasite Flagellum and undulating membrane for locomotion African sleeping sickness |
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Sporozoans
(ex Plasmodium) |
Kingdom Alveolata
Habitat/Host is nearly every major group of animals Parasite |
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Plasmodium Life Cycle - A Sporozoan
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Sporozoites-Merozoites-Trophozoites-Schizonts-Merozoites-Gametocytes-Gametes-Zygotes-Oocysts containing Sporozoites-repeat
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Paramecium
(know macro/micro nuclei, oral groove, cytosome, contractile vacuole) |
Kingdom Alveolata
Freshwater habitat Heterotroph Cilia for locomotion and feeding Reproduce by conjugation |
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Macronucleus
(Paramecium) |
-contains many copies of a few genes
-controls metabolic processes of the cell |
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Micronucleus
(Paramecium) |
contains entire genome
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Oral Groove
(Paramecium) |
food swept in by ciliary currents
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Contractile Vacuole
(Paramecium) |
one or more spherical organelles that pump water to maintain the internal osmotic balance of the cell
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Symbiosis
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close association between two organisms
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Mutualism
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the fitness of both species is increased
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Parasitism
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the fitness of one species is increased while the fitness of the other species is decreased
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Commensalism
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the fitness of one species in increased while the fitness of the other species remains unchanged
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Anaerobic vs Aerobic Conditions
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Anaerobic = absence of oxygen
Aerobic = oxygenated |
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What are the unifying characteristics of animals?
(6 total) |
-Heterotrophic
-Multicellular -Eukaryotic -Multicellular sex organs -Blastula stage of embryonic development -Lack cell walls |
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What is one of the greatest unifying ideas in all of science?
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the theory of evolution by natural selection
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Order of Classification
(Please Come Over For Great Science) |
Phylum>Class>Order>Family>Genus>Species
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What is a phylogeny?
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an evolutionary tree that relates all existing and extinct species
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What is molecular phylogenetics?
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any method of inferring evolutionary relationships from similarities or differences in molecular structure
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Sister Group
(in evolutionay tree) |
share a common ancestor, no additional descendants, results from a lineage split
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Homologous Traits
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-shared derived traits
-derived from a common ancestor |
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Analogous Traits
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-convergent evolution
-same function but independent evolution |
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Monophyletic Group
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derived from a single common ancestor
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Paraphyletic Group
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includes some, but not all, descendants of one common ancestor
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Polyphyletic Group
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group of organisms but not their common ancestor
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Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
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-cellular level of organization
-internal skeleton/endoskeleton -pores and canals -no symmetry -3 body types (ascon, sycon, leucon) |
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Ascon Body Type
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-no folding to its body wall, just a hollow tube
-small due to limited surface-volume ratio |
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Sycon Body Type
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-simple infolding
-increased surface-volume ratio |
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Leucon Body Type
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-folds within folds
series of chambers connected by canals -largest surface-volume ratio |
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Osculum
(think lid of Oscar's trash can) |
larger opening at the top of a sponge through which water collected in the spongocoel is pushed out
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Spicules
(think spine) |
hard, crystalline calcium carbonate or silicon structures that form the skeleton
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Choanocytes
(think chow) |
cells lining the interial surface of radial canals in sponges that trap and engulf small food particles
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Spongocoel
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large, central cavity that passes through the center of the sponge
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Pinacocytes
(think pineapple) |
flattened cells making up the outer layer of the sponge body
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Amebocytes
(think an amoeba traveling around) |
mobile cells specialized for distributing food throughout the sponge and for producing its structure
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Ostia
(think osmosis) |
pores on body surface of the sponge through which water enters
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What are the Three R's for the use of animals in scientific research?
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1. Reduction (use fewer animals)
2. Replacement (use other means) 3. Refinement (eliminate unnecessary pain/stress) |
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Stages of Embryonic Development
(ZMBG) |
1. Zygote
2. Morula 3. Blastula 4. Grastrula |
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Zygote
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product of fertilization
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Morula
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solid ball of approx. 16-32 cells
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Blastula
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hollow ball of cells with blastocoel
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Blastocoel
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central cavity of blastula, fluid-filled
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Gastrula
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after gastrulation, pocesses blastopore
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Blastopore
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opening into archenteron in gastrula stage
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Archenteron
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cavity of gastrula of an embryo forming a primitive gut
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What are the three germ layers?
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1. Ectoderm
2. Mesoderm 3. Endoderm |
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Ectoderm
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outer layer that will become nervous system, epidermis, and nasal and oral epithelium
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Mesoderm
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middle layer that will become muscle, bone, connective tissue, and urogenital systems
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Endoderm
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inner layer that will become the GI tract and urogenital epithelium
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Inner Cell Mass
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collection of cells in human blastula that gives rise to fetal development
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Protostomes
1. What type of cleavage? 2. Fate of blastopore? 3. Examples |
1. spiral and mosaic (determinate)
2. mouth 3. flatworms, nematodes |
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Deuterostomes
1. What type of cleavage? 2. Fate of blastopore? 3. Examples |
1. radial and regulative (indeterminate)
2. anus 3. echinoderms, chordates |
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Phylum Cnidaria
(radiate animals) |
-tissue level of organization
-diploblastic -hydroskeleton -radial symmetry -nerve net -polymorphism -gastrovascular cavity |
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Diploblastic
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2 layers (endo- and ecto- with mesoglea between)
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Mesoglea
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connective tissue in diploblastic organisms
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Hydroskeleton/Hydrostatic Skeleton
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fluid filled cavity in Cnidaria which provides structural support
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Gastrovascular cavity
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serves as both mouth and anus
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Polymorphism
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the presence of more than one morphology in a species
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Polyp
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asexual reproduction in Cnidaria
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Medusa
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sexual reproduction in Cnidaira
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Cnidocyte
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capsule that house the nematocyst (poisonous threads)
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What are the four classes in the Phylum Cnidaria?
(HSAC) |
1. Hydrozoa
2. Scyphozoa 3. Anthozoa 4. Cubozoa |
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Class Hydrozoa
(Which stage is dominant?) |
polyp stage is dominant
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Class Scyphozoa
(Cnidaria, Which stage is dominant?) |
medusa stage is dominant
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Class Anthozoa
(Cnidaria, Which stage?) |
no medusa stage
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Class Cubozoa
(Stages?) |
reduced polyp stage, bell-shaped medusa
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Phylum Cndaria, Class Hydrozoa
ex. Hydra |
-tentacles
-gastrovascular cavity -bud -ovaries, testes |
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Bud of Hydra
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product of asexual reproduction; will fall off when mature and become a self-sufficient organism
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Phylum Cnidaria, Class Hydrozoa
(Protection/Prey Capture?) ex. Physalia |
-cnidocyte
-nematocyst |
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Phylum Cnidaira, Class Hydrozoa
ex. Obelia |
-planula
-hydranth -gonangium -medusa |
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Planula of Obelia (polyp)
(think plant) |
larva from asexual reproduction that will form a new generation of polyp; attatched to substrate on ocean floor
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Hydranth of Obelia (polyp)
(think hydrate) |
specialized polyp for food acquisition
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Gonangium of Obelia (polyp)
(think gonads) |
specialized for reproduction
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Medusa of Obelia
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-tentacles
-manubrium (tissue that supports mouth) -gonads (sexual reproduction) |
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Life Cycle of Obelia
(MZBPBGM) |
medusae release sperm and egg-forms zygote-divides into blastula-matures into planula-settle on bottom and budding forms new colony-gonangium forms medusa buds-gonangium releases medusa buds-medusa buds mature into medusae-repeat
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Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa
ex. Metridium (sea anenome) |
-polyp stage only
-oral disc -tentacles -mouth -pharnyx -pedal disc |
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Oral Disc of Sea Anenome
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raised portion of mouth
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Mouth of Sea Anenome
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ingestion of food and elimination of particles
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Pharynx of Sea Anenome
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muscular portion of gastrovascular cavity for pulling prey inward and expelling particles
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Pedal Disc of Sea Anenome
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tough, fleshy base that attaches organism to the ocean floor; most can use pedal disc to move slowly
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Phylum Cnidaria, Class Scyphozoa
ex Aurelia (True Jellyfish) |
-tentacles
-gonads -radial canal -circular canal -strobilation |
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Gonads
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organs for sexual reproduction; gametes are released into the gastric pouches and exit the body through the mouth
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Radial Canal
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extensions of the gastric pouches that radiate outwards and distribute nutrients throughout the body
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Circular Canal
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circular extensions of the gastric pouches that distribute nutrients to outer rim of the jellyfish
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Strobilation
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budding/asexual reproduction forming free swimming ephyra which will mature into medusa
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Life Cycle of Aurelia Class Scyphozoa, Phylum Cnidaria
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medusae release sperm and egg-zygote forms-matures into planula-planula larva settles and forms scyphistoma-matures into strobila-strobilation-free swimming ephyra-mature into medusae-repeat
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Acoelomate Animals-Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
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-acoelomate
-triploblastic -bilateral symmetry -tissue-organ level of organization -hydroskeleton -anterior vs posterior -dorsal vs ventral |
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Acoelomate
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no true body cavity (flatworms)
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Psuedocoelomate
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central body cavity between gastrodermis and mesoderm (nematode)
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Eucoelomate
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central body cavity within mesoderm (earthworms)
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Triploblastic
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3 layers
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Cephalization
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concentration of nervous tissue and sensory structures at anterior end of body
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Monoecious
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both male AND female reproductive structures
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Dioecious
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male OR female reproductive structures
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
What are the 3 classes? |
1. Turbellaria (planaria)
2. Trematoda (flukes) 3. Cestoda (tapeworms) |
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Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Turbellaria
(planaria) |
-eyespots
-pharnyx -auricle -gastrovascular cavity |
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Auricle of Planaria
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chemoreceptors that detect dissolved chemicals in the water
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Gastrovascular cavity of planaria
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central digestive compartment; single opening that functions as both mouth and anus
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Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Trematoda
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-ex. Flukes
-parasitic -hermaphroditic (testes, ovary, uterus) -oral and ventral sucker -mouth -pharynx |
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Oral and Ventral Sucker of Fluke
(Trematoda) |
specialized attachment to host; used in feeding
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Uterus of Fluke
(Trematoda) |
shelled, fertilized eggs are stored here until release through the genital pore
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Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Cestoda
(tapeworm) |
-hooks and suckers
-scolex -immature proglottids -mature proglottids -gravid proglottids -testes, ovary, uterus |
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Hooks and Suckers of Tapeworm
(Cestoda) |
modified structures on scolex used for attachment to host
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Scolex of Tapeworm
(Cesotda) |
anterior end of tapeworm; possesses modifications for attachment to intestinal wall of host
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Immature Proglottids of Tapeworm
(Cestoda) |
newly produced segment of the tapeworm that has undeveloped reproductive organs
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Mature Proglottids of Tapeworm
(Cestoda) |
tapeworm segment that as functional reproductive organs
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Gravid Proglottids
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tapeworm segment containing ripe fertilized eggs; this segment is ready to drop off the tapeworm body and be eliminated in host feces
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Uterus of Tapeworm
(Which proglottid?) |
shelled, fertilized eggs are stored here until gravid proglottid drops off the tapeworm body
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Human Liver Fluke Life Cycle
(EM-MLL-R-M-S-R-C-M) (MMSRCM) |
Eat fish with encysted metaceraria-cyst to human digestive tract and releases metacercaria larva-larva to liver and develop into adult-reproduction-fertilized egg exits in feces-egg eaten by snails-egg hatches and miracidium develops-sporocyst(larva)-redia(larva)-cercaria(free-swimming larva)-cercaria leave snail and burrow into fish-become dormant metacercaria cyst-repeat
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