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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pigmented upper surface
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Animal pole (Anterior)
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Unpigmented lower region, having an accumulation of yolk granules.
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Vegetal pole (Posterior)
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Cleavage
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Occurs after fertilization (fusion of the male and female nuclei) - mitotic divisions in which cells become smaller between each successive division.
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Blastula
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After about 12 division cycles from cleavage
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Blastocoel
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fluid-filled cavity; surrounded by small cells from above large yokly cells from below.
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Mesoderm
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Gives rise to muscle, cartilage, bone, and other internal organs like heart, blood, kidney; It is present in the blastula as an equatorial band.
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Endoderm
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Gives rise to the gut, lungs, liver.
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Animal Pole
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gives rise to the ectoderm
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Ectoderm
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forms both the epidermis and the nervous system
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Gastrulation
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Drf cells; damatic rearrangement of cells - the endoderms and mesoderm move inside, and the basic body plan of the tadpole is established. The mesoderm gives rise to a rod-like structure called the Notochord.
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Neurulation
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Process that begins shortly after gastrulation; the notochord folds to form the neural tube and gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.
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Organogenesis
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Specialized cells such as muscle cartilage, and neurons differentiate
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William Harvey (1651)
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Concludes all organisms come from eggs
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Marcello Malphigi (1672)
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Publishes microscopy of chick development
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What are the 3 major approaches to Development?
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1) Anatomical Approaches
2) Experimental Approaches 3) Genetic Approaches |
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What are the Anatomical Approaches of Development?
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**Look and See**
-Comparative Embryology (our main emphasis) -Evolutionary Embryology -Teratology (birth defects) -Mathematical modeling |
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What are the Experimental Approaches of Development?
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**Manipulation of embryos and their molecular components**
-Removal or grafting of embryo pieces -Ablation of cells -Treating tissues with chemical substances -Overexpressing or blocking gene functions |
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What are the genetic approaches of Development?
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-Classic Genetics: randomly mutagenize genome, observe phenotype & map gene.
-Reverse genetics: knock out gene of interest and observe phenotype -Modern molecular genetics: genome analysis, DNA sequencing, gene expression analysis. |
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Neurulation
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Process that begins shortly after gastrulation; the notochord folds to form the neural tube and gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.
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Organogenesis
|
Specialized cells such as muscle cartilage, and neurons differentiate
|
|
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William Harvey (1651)
|
Concludes all organisms come from eggs
|
|
|
Marcello Malphigi (1672)
|
Publishes microscopy of chick development
|
|
|
What are the 3 major approaches to Development?
|
1) Anatomical Approaches
2) Experimental Approaches 3) Genetic Approaches |
|
|
What are the Anatomical Approaches of Development?
|
**Look and See**
-Comparative Embryology (our main emphasis) -Evolutionary Embryology -Teratology (birth defects) -Mathematical modeling |
|
|
What are the Experimental Approaches of Development?
|
**Manipulation of embryos and their molecular components**
-Removal or grafting of embryo pieces -Ablation of cells -Treating tissues with chemical substances -Overexpressing or blocking gene functions |
|
|
What are the genetic approaches of Development?
|
-Classic Genetics: randomly mutagenize genome, observe phenotype & map gene.
-Reverse genetics: knock out gene of interest and observe phenotype -Modern molecular genetics: genome analysis, DNA sequencing, gene expression analysis. |
