Animal Development

Front 1

Commitment of a cell to a developmental path most closely defines ____________.

Back 1

Determination

Front 2

The bicoid protein _________ translation of hunchback mRNA and ________ translation of caudalRNA in Drosophila

Back 2

Activates/Represses

Front 3

An example of a maternal-effect gene is _______

Back 3

Nanos

Front 4

Gap genes and pair-rule genes primarily are examples of ________ genes.

Back 4

Segmentation

Front 5

Genes that control the identities of organs that develop within a segment are called _______ genes.

Back 5

Hox

Front 6

Drosophila melanogaster is a ___________.

Back 6

Fruit Fly

Front 7

In Drosophila, the ubx gene controls a segment _______ to the segment controlled by the antp gene.

Back 7

Posterior

Front 8

The function of the homeodomain region of proteins expressed by many hox genes is to _________.

Back 8

binds to DNA

Front 9

The portion of a frog egg that contains most of the yolk often is called the ___________.

Back 9

Vegetal Pole

Front 10

In the gastrula of a sea urchin (and other animals), the endoderm encloses a central cavity or primitivegut called the _____________.

Back 10

archenteron

Front 11

From earliest to latest, the stages of development are ____________.

Back 11

morula-> blastula -> gastrula

Front 12

Most specifically, development of the embryonic germ layers occurs during ____________.

Back 12

gastrulation

Front 13

The supporting cells that immediately surround an unfertilized human oocyte after ovulation form the___________.

Back 13

corona radiata

Front 14

A developing embryo implants in the human uterus when it becomes a __________.

Back 14

blastocyst

Front 15

The acrosome of a sperm __________.

Back 15

contains enzymes

Front 16

A human oocyte completes its second meiotic division after _____________.

Back 16

fertilization

Front 17

___________ is when cells become specialized and acquire different characteristics or functions.

Back 17

differentiation

Front 18

The zona pellucida ___________________.

Back 18

is a glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte

Front 19

The cortical reaction ___________.

Back 19

is important for blocking polyspermy

Front 20

Relative to “normal” cell division, cleavage divisions are characterized by a shortened ____ phase.

Back 20

G1

Front 21

An inner cell mass primarily is found in a _____________.

Back 21

blastocyst

Front 22

A blastocoel is a ___________.

Back 22

cavity

Front 23

The ___________ gives rise to much of the fetal part of the placenta in humans.

Back 23

trophoblast

Front 24

In humans, each blastomere at the __________ stage probably is capable of forming a completeorganism.

Back 24

8-cell

Front 25

In humans, embryonic mesoderm is derived most directly from the ____________.

Back 25

Epiblast

Front 26

The amniotic cavity develops ___________.

Back 26

Within the Epiblast

Front 27

During gastrulation in humans ____________.

Back 27

Cells involute at the primitive streak

Front 28

The syncytiotrophoblast _____________

Back 28

invades uterine tissue

Front 29

Derivatives of mesoderm include ______________.

Back 29

heart muscle and kidney epithelium

Front 30

Derivatives of endoderm include ____________.

Back 30

Liver epithelium and Lung epithelium

Front 31

Cells originating on either side of the neural tube that give rise to the sympathetic nervous system are the_____________ cells.

Back 31

Neural crest

Front 32

Neurons, melanocytes, and epidermis are all derived from ____________.

Back 32

Ectoderm

Front 33

A maternal-effect RNA that attaches to the cytoskeleton at the future head end of a Drosophila egg is_______ RNA.

Back 33

Bicoid

Front 34

The ______________ of many hox genes codes for a DNA-binding region in the expressed protein.

Back 34

Homeodomain

Front 35

A _______________ generally is a secreted molecule that acts in a concentration-dependent mannerto control differentiation of other cells

Back 35

Morphogen/Inducer

Front 36

In humans, epiblast cells involute at the _________________ to give rise to the mesoderm and endoderm

Back 36

Primitive Streak

Front 37

In development, the organization of differentiated tissues into organs and other structures is called_________________.

Back 37

Morphogenesis

Front 38

In development, commitment of a cell to a developmental path or fate is called ___________

Back 38

Determination

Front 39

When discussing potency, a cell that has the capacity to develop into a new organism is described asbeing _____________.

Back 39

Totipotent

Front 40

When discussing potency, a cell that can produce all the differentiated cells in an adult but not a neworganism is described as being ____________

Back 40

Pluripotent

Front 41

In meiosis, the egg that receives half of the chromosomes but very little cytoplasm is called a ____________.

Back 41

Polar Body

Front 42

The ___________ reaction serves as a block to polyspermy

Back 42

Cortical

Front 43

A trophoblast and inner cell mass are first present when a human embryo reaches the ____________ stage.

Back 43

Blastocyst

Front 44

A cardiac muscle cell is derived from ___________ (embryonic germ layer).

Back 44

Mesoderm

Front 45

In the blastocyst, the ___________ cells primarily contribute to the placenta.

Back 45

Trophoblast

Front 46

The glycoprotein matrix surrounding a human oocyte (egg) is the __________________.

Back 46

Zona Pellucida

Front 47

Place the numbers of the following statements about development in Drosophila in order from earliest tolatest: 1) translation of hunchback RNA, 2) full segmentation, 3) translation of ubx RNA, 4) translationof bicoid RNA, 5) formation of a leg, 6) translation of pair-rule RNAs

Back 47

4 (Translation of Bicoid), 1 (Translation of Hunchback RNA), 6 (translation of pair-rule RNAs), 2 (Full Segmentation), 3 (Translation of Ubx RNA), 5 (Formation of a Leg)

Front 48

Sperm-oocyte fusion triggers release of intracellular calcium, which in turn triggers two major events.Name the events and the importance of each.

Back 48

completion of 2nd meiotic division – oocyte DNA reduced to haploid level

cortical reaction – prevents polyspermy

Front 49

What occurs during gastrulation in humans? Start with involution of ……

Back 49

Involution of epiblast cells at the primitive streak/groove gives rise to the three embryonic germ layers;endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

Front 50

What is the importance of the homeodomain in proteins expressed by hox genes?

Back 50

Homeodomain is a DNA-binding region in a Hox protein that allows the proteins to act as transcriptionfactors (i.e., increase or decrease transcription).

Front 51

In development, how does the term “determination” differ from the term “differentiation?”

Back 51

During determination, a cell commits to a developmental path or fate, while in differentiation a cellbecomes specialized and acquires specific characteristics.

Front 52

Name the two groups (types) of cells that comprise the blastocyst, describe their locations in theblastocyst, and indicate which cells will contribute primarily to fetal tissues and which will contributeprimarily the placenta.

Back 52

Trophoblast and inner cell mass. Trophoblast cells are the peripheral cells that surround the inner cellmass and the blastocoel. Inner cell mass is located at one pole of the blastocyst. Trophoblast will giverise to most of the placenta and the inner cells mass will contribute to fetal tissues.

Front 53

Give examples of tissues in the stomach that are derived from ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

Back 53

Epithelium is derived from endoderm.

Muscle/connective tissue is derived from mesoderm.

Neural/nervous tissue is derived from ectoderm.