Animal Development

Front 1

what are the 3 steps of animal devel?

Back 1

cleavage, gastrulation and organiogenesis

Front 2

what is a zygote?

Back 2

fusion of egg cell and sperm cell

Front 3

fertlization has to occur before embryonic devel? yes o rno

Back 3

YES

Front 4

def of cleavage

Back 4

very rapid series of mitotic cell divisions

Front 5

cleavge occurs so fast that which stage is usually skipped?

WHich stage happens instead

Back 5

G1 stage (cytoplasmic growth)

cell cycle goes straight to S1 (DNA synthesis/replication) followed by G2 (growth in prep for cell division)

Front 6

in cleavage do the cells become progresively smaller or larger>

Back 6

smaller

Front 7

after 4 divisions, what si the zygote called and what is the defin>

Back 7

after 4 diviosns the SOLID BALL of about 16 cells is called a MORULA

Front 8

after the morula continues to divide what is it called? and the def?

Back 8

BLASTULA

-hollow ball of cells

Front 9

def of blastocoel:

Back 9

hollow, fluid-filled centre of the cell mass

Front 10

def of polarity:

Back 10

refers to the differences at opposite ends (poles) of the egg and is based on the distribution of its yolk

Front 11

what are the 2 types of poles?

Back 11

vegetal and animal

Front 12

which pole contains most of the yolk?

Back 12

vegetal

Front 13

the more yolk there is the,_______(faster/slower) the rate of cell division during cleavage is

Back 13

slower

Front 14

does the animal pole contain alot of yolk or little?

Back 14

little (fast rate of cell division)

Front 15

are the cells in the vegtal pole small or large? how mnay

Back 15

few large

Front 16

are the cells at the snimal pole large or small? how many

Back 16

many small

Front 17

what does gastrulation establish?

Back 17

establishes the body patern thru a rearrangment of cells

Front 18

at the end of this stage, what does the blastula become?

Back 18

GASTRULA

Front 19

how mnay germ layers does the gastrual have? and what they called

Back 19

3

ectoderm, mesoderm ,endoderm

Front 20

what type of orgnism are you, if u have 3 layers?

Back 20

triploblastic

Front 21

to become triploblasitc, where must the cells journey to?

Back 21

they must go into the cavity of the blastyla in gastrulation

Front 22

does this happen in all embrys?

Back 22

YES, absolutly

Front 23

does it happen in the same way>

Back 23

NO

Front 24

the 3 germ layers will be foundation for what?

Back 24

development of the 4 basic tissues in animals

Front 25

what are the 4 main tissues?

Back 25

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve

Front 26

what do these 4 tissues provide?

Back 26

they provide structure and function to organs and organ systems

Front 27

def of organiogenesis:

Back 27

the process of organ development

Front 28

what 6 steps may happen in organogenesis>

Back 28

cell diviosn

migration

adhesion

induction

differentiation

maybe apoptosis

Front 29

what does ENDODERM LAYER form?

Back 29

tissues and organs associated withe the digestive and respirtaory system

-stomach, liver pancrease and lungs

-thyroid, parathyroid

Front 30

what does the MESODERM LAYER form?

Back 30

sturctures associated with support and movement

-muscles, cartilage, bone

-reproductive system organs and kidneys

Front 31

what does the ECTODERM LAYER form?

Back 31

tissues associated with the outer layers

-skin, hair, sweat glands, brain, nervous system

Front 32

in what environment does sea urchin devel begin?

Back 32

marine waters

Front 33

is there a ot of yolk or little yolk in the sea urchin? what does this mean>

Back 33

little yolk

-fast constant rate

Front 34

until how mnay cells are formed when the blastula is formed?

Back 34

1000 cells

Front 35

what pole does gasturlation begin>

Back 35

vegetal pole

Front 36

def of induction:

Back 36

differentiaion of cells so cells become specialized

Front 37

where do induced cells migrate to>

Back 37

blastocoel

Front 38

when the cells start to invaginate, what is formed and whats it called>? what kind of cells line the tube?

Back 38

a tube called the archteron which is lined with endoderm cells

Front 39

what is the tube opening called?

Back 39

blastopore

Front 40

what can this tube become?

Back 40

the digestive tract

Front 41

what will the blastopore become?

Back 41

the ANUS

Front 42

the distribution of yolk is even or uneven in sea urchen?

Back 42

even

Front 43

are cleavage and gastrulation symm or unsymm?

Back 43

symmetrical

Front 44

is yolk distributed evenly or unevley in frogs?

Back 44

uneven

Front 45

which pole is the yolk at in frogs?

Back 45

VEGETAL

Front 46

is the development of frog symm. or aysmm.?

Back 46

asymmetrical

Front 47

what is the exposed area called?

Back 47

grey crescent

Front 48

what does the grey crescent establish?

Back 48

the dorsal-ventral axis (back-abdomen)

Front 49

do the cells from the vegetal pole in frogs contrubte to invaginations?

Back 49

NO

Front 50

where do the cells come from when they enter the blastocoel?

Back 50

ANIMAL POLE

Front 51

where do these cells enter?

Back 51

they enter at the DORSAL LIP OF THE BLASTOPORE

Front 52

hwo is the ectoderm layer formed in the frog?

Back 52

the cells from the animal pole go to the outisde of the blastula and make a sheet around it

Front 53

where are the vegetal cells seen at this stage? and are they enclosed?

Back 53

at the YOLK PLUG and they are enclosed

Front 54

in chicks, does the yolk cover most of the egg?

Back 54

Yes, the yolk content occupies most of the egg

Front 55

early cleavege in chicks prodeces a what?

Back 55

BLASTODISK

Front 56

def of blastodisk:

Back 56

single layer of cells

Front 57

what does the blastodisk divide into?

Back 57

epiblast (top layer) and hypoblast (bottom layer)

Front 58

what is between the 2 layers? desrbibe it

Back 58

the blastocoel, hollow center

Front 59

what layer actualy produces the the 3 germ layers?

Back 59

EPIBLAST (top layer)

Front 60

describe the steps of gastrulation using the terms primitive streak and primitive groove:

Back 60

epiblast cells move to the midline of the blastodisk and thicken and make a PRMITIVE STREAK. this happends on the posterier end

as more cells migrate to the midlein it moves to the anterior end and starts to sink and is called a PRIMITIVE GROOVE

Front 61

the inital migrating epiblast cells form what?

Back 61

ENDODERM

Front 62

the later migratig epiblast cells form?

Back 62

mesoderm

Front 63

cells that dont migrate form the what?

Back 63

ECTODERM

Front 64

as more cells move away from the primitive gorove, the cells from what kind of shape?

Back 64

forms a omega symbol

Front 65

what is the cavity called here?

Back 65

archenteron

Front 66

where doe shuman development occur?

Back 66

in the uterus of the mother rather than in an egg outside of the body

Front 67

where does an egg go before cleavage begins?

Back 67

the egg EXITS the OVARY and ENTERS the OVIDUCT (FALLOPIAN TUBES) where it is fertlized, then it goes down the oviduct and into the UTERUS

Front 68

what happens in the uterus? and what forms?

Back 68

cleavage happens in the uterus, so it divides repeatedly and it forms a morula then blastocyst (mammalian blastula)

Front 69

what is the blastocyst made of at this stage?

Back 69

-made up of an outer layer of TROPHOBLAST CELLS

-blastocoel

-INNER CELL MASS made of layers of hypoblast cells and then epiblast cells

Front 70

when the blastocyst is in the uterus where does it stay?

Back 70

it stays in the endometrum (lining of the uterus)

Front 71

how is human devel different from chick devel?

Back 71

there is very little yolk in humans

Front 72

what is formed instead in human eggs?

Back 72

PLACENTA

Front 73

where does placenta attach to?

Back 73

attaches to the uterine wall and connect the growing emrbyo to the mother

Front 74

what does the placenta function as?

Back 74

as the main route for nutrient delivery to the growing embryo and only found in PREGANANCIES

Front 75

what kidn of cells begin neuralation in chicks?

Back 75

MESODERM CELLS

Front 76

def of neuralation:

Back 76

the development of the nervous tissue

Front 77

what makes up the NOTOCHORD?

Back 77

the centre of the mesoderm

Front 78

def of notochord

Back 78

a solid rod of tissue extending the length of the embryo

Front 79

describe how the NEURAL PLATE is formed:

Back 79

the NOTOCHORD induces the ectoderm cells above it from a NEURAL PLATE which starts to move downwards towards the NOTOCHORD

Front 80

how is the hollow tube formed?

Back 80

the ectoderm cells from each end of the neural plate pull towrds eachother, making a tube

Front 81

what are the cells called in the middle of the hollow tube?

Back 81

NEURAL CREST CELLS

Front 82

which cells will make features such as teeth, bone and cartiliage of the skull and pigmented cells of the skin?

Back 82

neural crest cells which are released and migrate along the emrbyo

Front 83

what happens to the mesoderm cells that are not part of the notochord?

Back 83

they become SOMITES which develop into muslces, the vertebrae and the ribs

Front 84

def of epithlial tissue:

Back 84

SHEET LIKE layers that cover both external and internal body surfaces

Front 85

shapes of epithelial tissueL

Back 85

-squamous (flat)

-cuboidal(square)

-columnar (rectangular)

Front 86

what type of arrangments are there for epithetlial?

Back 86

-simple (single layer)

-stratified (multiple layers)

Front 87

def of connective tissue:

Back 87

supportd and connects other body tissues

Front 88

formats of connective tissue:

Back 88

fibrous and loose

cartilage

bone

adipose tissue (fat)

blood

Front 89

conective tissue is the main producer of what?

Back 89

extracelluar matrix (contains glycoproteins and elastin fibers that srrounds all cells)

Front 90

def of muscle tissue:

Back 90

produces the force for body movements

Front 91

type of muslce tissue:

Back 91

smooth, skeletal and cardiac

Front 92

def of nerve tissue:

Back 92

used to transmit electrical signals thru out body