Animal Breeding And Genetics

Front 1

Names of researchers

Back 1

Weissman: Nucleus is important, germ cell continuation
De Vries: Mutations most important
G.J Mendel: Rules and inheritance of factors in pea and mirabilis plants, father of modern genetics
Bover: Role of chromosomes
Johanssen: Mendelian rules are valid

Front 2

What is a hemizygote character?

Back 2

A diploid individual with one allele.

Front 3

Appropriate size of mammalian genome?

Back 3

2.5-3 * 10^9 base pairs

Front 4

What does it mean that genetic code is degenerated?

Back 4

Different codons (base triplets) can code for the same amino acid

Front 5

Can you specify 3 types of genome mutations?

Back 5

Point mutation (nonsense, active, silent), Insertion (addition of nucleotide), Deletion (removal of nucleotide)

Front 6

Could you specify the 2n chromosome number in the species below (Horse, dog, cat, pig, human, primates, cow)?

Back 6

Dog - 78
Horse - 64
Cow - 60
Primate - 48
Human - 46
Cat, Pig - 38

Front 7

What do you mean by epigenic inheritance?

Back 7

A change in phenotype without a change in genotype

Front 8

What is cytogenetics dealing with?

Back 8

Chromosomal structure, number and defect. A branch dealing with hereditary and cellular elements, particularly chromosomes, associated with hereditary

Front 9

Please specify the 4 basic rules of mendelian inheritane

Back 9

A. Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characteristics
B. For each characteristic an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent
C. The two alleles for each characteristic segregate during gamete production
D. The inheritance pattern of one trait will not affect the inheritance pattern of another

Front 10

What is the difference between inter-chromosomal and intra-chromosomal recombination of genes?

Back 10

Inter-chromosomal: Recombination resulting from independent assortment
Intra-chromosomal: Recombination resulting from crossing between to linked genes pairs

Front 11

Specify the two typical forms of uniparental inheritance in domestic animals?

Back 11

Genomic inbreeding: The expression of a certain gene is determined if the gene is inherited from female or male (Callipyge - only heterozygote inherited from father express it)
Maternal inheritance: Mitochodrial (mtDNA) disease

Front 12

Give a mininmum three methods for sex sorting (sexing) of day old chicken used in poultry breeding?

Back 12

Feather colour, Feather genes, Genitalia

Front 13

How do you explain the tortoiseshell colour of female cats?

Back 13

Occurs mainly in female cats as a result of X-inactivation as different patches of fur receive coding for different hair colour due to the activation of an X chromosome from either mother or father.
Female:
x1x2 = tortoise
x1x1 = orange
x2x2 = no orange

Front 14

Specify the two prolificacy genes, their way of inheritance and feature of dosis effect in sheep breeding?

Back 14

FecB, B+=1.6 offspring, BB=3.2 offspring.
One copy of a gene will be less expressed than a double copy.
Number of dominant and recessive alleles is important to produce a phenotype similary to hemizygosity.

Front 15

The two type of coat colour pigments, and the name of the key (central gene) in pigment synthesis

Back 15

Eumelanin black, Pheomelanin red
Melanin synthesis

Front 16

Give the names of two genetic abnormalities (defect, not muscle!), which are regarded also as breed character in animal breeding?

Back 16

BLAD, white foal, PSE

Front 17

Give the names of three (semi) dominant lethal genes, where the phenotype of heterozygotes is a desired trait in animal breeding?

Back 17

White foal syndrome, Manx factor in cats, dexter cattle

Front 18

What is an SNP regarding genes and their mutations?

Back 18

SNP = single nucleotide polymorphism
A DNA sequence variation occuring when a single nucleotide (ATGC) in the gene differes between members of a species

Front 19

Give the most important three steps of PCR-RFLP based gene diagnosis

Back 19

1) Amplify with PCR
2) Restriction/digestion with enzymes
3)Gel electrophoresis to separate DNA pieces

Front 20

Specify minimum two genetic disorders of X-Chromosomes linked inheritance

Back 20

Hemophilia A and B in dogs
Severe Immune Deficiency Syndrome in Equine
Lethal genes anti feminine genes in Fowl
Lethal genes anti masculine genes in Mammals (Manx cat)

Front 21

What is phenocopy of genetic diseases? Name two genetic disease and their phenocopies

Back 21

Phenotypic appearance can be caused by several genotypic determinations (mimic disorder)
ex. Vanessa genus of butterflies that can change phenotype based on the local temperature

Front 22

What does the heterogonia or genetic heterogenity of disease mean?

Back 22

Same clinical signs from different loci or different clinical signs from same locus

Front 23

Which domestic animal species may suffer from hereditary stress syndrome, give the name of the gene mutation and specify the physiological regulation of muscle function

Back 23

An inherited genetic disorder caused by the autosomal recessive RYanoid Receptor gene. Ryanodine channels are Calcium channels in muscles. This causes heat stress, laboured breathing, muscle rigidity and finally death.
PSS - Porcine stress syndrome
HSS - Human stress syndrome
CSS (greyhound) - Canine stress syndrome

Front 24

Can you specify immuno-deficiencies of hereditary origin in domestic animals?

Back 24

BLAD, CLAD, SCID

Front 25

Please give the name of two hereditary muscle diseases which represent a breed character as well

Back 25

1) Hypertrophy in Blue Belgian Cattle
2) Congenital Myotonia in tennesee wooden leg goat

Front 26

Estimate the number of genetic diseases which can be diagnosed by molecular genetic methods

Back 26

Horse: 3-6
Cattle: 3-6
Cat: 5-10
Dog: More than 20

Front 27

The complete (full, OCA1) albinism may occur, in which domestic animal species, and where is it regarded as a breed character?

Back 27

1) New Zealand white rabbit (breed specific)
2) White lab rats

Front 28

Do you know domestic animal species of polypyletic origin, which?

Back 28

Poultry and cattle

Front 29

Technique steps of embryo production and manipuation methods of embryos

Back 29

1. Synchronization of donor with recipients
2. Superovulation of donor
3. Insemination of donor
4. Flush embryos from donor
5. Identify viable embryos
6. Transfer into receipient

Front 30

Two basic methods of mammalian cloning

Back 30

Embryo splitting or nuclear transfer

Front 31

What is the difference between chimerism and mosaics?

Back 31

Chimerism: Two or more genotypes occur in one animal
Mosaics: In one genotype there are two or more cell line - ex. tortoiseshell cats

Front 32

Write down the Hardy-Weinberg equation:

Back 32

For a populatin in genetic equilibrium
p+q=1.0

p = frequency of dominant allele
q = frequency of recessive allele

Front 33

What is the essence of the Hardy - Weinberg rule?

Back 33

The genotype frequencies in a population remain constant or are in equilibrium from generation to generation unless specific disturbing influences are introduced.

Front 34

Characterize the genetic equilibrium situation

Back 34

A population in which the variability doesn't change over generations, the proportion of each allele is its allele frequency.

Front 35

What does the genotype environment interaction mean?

Back 35

When the environment affects the gene frequency
(Sheep in mountains)

Front 36

What is reproduction adaptability (fitness)?

Back 36

The relative ability of an individual or population to survive and reproduce in a given environment

Front 37

What do we call as panmitic population?

Back 37

Unstructured, random mating, populations

Front 38

What is the sex determined trait + example?

Back 38

Expression determined by the sex chromosome.
XX, XY, ZZ, ZW
X/Z inherits many traits
W/Y rarely inherits
Example: Milk production, cryptorchism, white heifer disease in shorthorn cattle

Front 39

What is sex influenced trait? + example

Back 39

Expression in BOTH sexes but to a DIFFERENT degree.
Example: meat production, racing performance, horns in dorset sheep

Front 40

What does the allelic interaction at the same locus mean? +cases

Back 40

When many loci interact to create a given protein

Front 41

What is the concept of the breed

Back 41

A group of related animals with similar genotype and phenotype, produce similar offspring when they are mated with each other

Front 42

What does the primary trait mean? +example

Back 42

The main feature an animal is being selected for: milk yield, speed, egg weight

Front 43

What does the secondary trait mean? +example

Back 43

Other advantagous traits selected for, but not the main breeding goal.
Example: Ease of parturition, resistance to disease, Temperament

Front 44

What does the correlation coefficient express? +degre

Back 44

Covaration of features in population because they share some genes. An association between the genes that determines two traits.

Front 45

What does h^2 express? +degree

Back 45

It expresses heritability.
h^2 = variance genotype/variance phenotype
Can be calculated on the basis of *parent-offspring regression* variance analysis of full and half siblings.

Front 46

What is the concept of Galton's regression?

Back 46

The progeny of selected parents do not have the same average as their parents, but shifted towards the population from which the parents came.

Front 47

Which are components of the total (phenotypic) variance?

Back 47

Variance phenotype = Variance genotype + Variance environment + Variance Cov(G,E)

Front 48

What does it mean "genetic merit"?

Back 48

The accumulative positive genotype of an individual animal or herd which can be passed onto progeny.

Front 49

What does breeding value express? +degree

Back 49

The ability of an animal to transmit its production capacity to its offspring.
Based upon:
1. pedigree analysis
2. Own performance
3. Offspring performance
4. Collateral relatives

Front 50

Which 4 investeigations serve information to the claasical estimation of breeding value?

Back 50

1. On the basis of production of ancestors
2. On the basis of collateral relatives
3. On the basis of progeny testing
4. Own performance
BV = average of Xpop + (Average Xind - Average Xpop) *Repeatability

Front 51

Of what is the abbreviatin of BLUP?

Back 51

Best Linear Unbiased Prediction

Front 52

What should be taken care off at planning of progeny test?

Back 52

Breeding of offspring to determine their genotypes and that of their parents

Front 53

What is the goal of artificial selection?

Back 53

Choosing the most appropriate parents to produce the next generation so that the specific breeding goal can be achieved (faster horse, better meat)

Front 54

What is the selection differential?

Back 54

The differenc between the mean of the population and the mean of the individuals who are selected to be parents of the next generation

Front 55

What equation is used to calculate the genetic progress?

Back 55

R = h^2*SD/G

Hereditability*Selection differential/Generation interval

Front 56

Determine the Generation interval

Back 56

The average age of the parents when their offsprings are born

Front 57

Give examples for practical (mode) of selection

Back 57

1)Single trait
2)Tandem trait
3)Multiple trait
4)Simultaneous selection with independent culling levels
5)Combined selection using selection indices

Front 58

What does the intensity of selection depend on?

Back 58

Deviation of the selected individuals from average animals, given in standard deviation units.
It is more intensive in males since only 1-5% are used for breeding.
i=SD/lambda

Front 59

What is the essence of the selection index?

Back 59

It enables genetic gains to be achieved in several traits simultaneously with an optimum economic balance between them.

Front 60

What does outbreeding mean?

Back 60

Mating of genetically unrelated organisms.
Increased strength of different characteristics in a hybridy, giving a possibility to obtain a better individual by combining the virtues of its parents.

Front 61

What does inbreading mean?

Back 61

Reduced fitness in a given population as a result of breeding of related individuals

Front 62

What do we mean by inbreeding depression?

Back 62

Depressin of performance caused by inbreeding, loss of vigour amongst offsprings occuring when closely related relatives are mated.
causes:
Decrease productive efficiency
Less vitality
Less physical adaptation
Mental retardation
Decreased disease resistance

Front 63

What does this mean mean: autozygous?

Back 63

Not only homozgous, but both gene copies are identical by descent. Can be traced to the same ancestral gene copy.

Front 64

Write down the pairing models!

Back 64

Natural (harem random mating, hand mating, corral mating)
Artificial insemination (fish semen, frozen)
In vitro fertilization

Front 65

What effect is utilised during crossings?

Back 65

heterosis and additive effects

Front 66

What is the essence of indirect terminal crossing?

Back 66

A breeding program in which crossbreeds are produces by mating two sets of purebreds, but wihthout further breeding amongst the crossbreeds.
Indirect --> parents produce a crossed offspring

Front 67

What is the essence of the continuous hybridization? +cases

Back 67

Female hybrids used as breeding animals mate with a 3rd line. some of the offspring can be kept for further breeding.

Front 68

Why do we carry out the reciprocal recurrent selection?

Back 68

To refine a trait

Front 69

What does maternal effect mean?

Back 69

When the environment of the mother determines the phenotype of the offspring

Front 70

What is the (genetic) heterosis? Its other synonyms

Back 70

A situation where crossing two inbred lines yields progeny that are more healthy/vigorous than their parents.
Hybrid vigour

Front 71

What is profit heterosis?

Back 71

Greater vigour than in either parent in 1st generation of hybrid

Front 72

List the elements of technology in animal production

Back 72

1. Genetic improvement and breeding
2. Nutrition, feed production
3. Grooming
4. Technical elements
5. Organization of work
6. Marketing
7. Economic calculations
8. Animal health and reproduction

Front 73

What are the characteristics of industry like animal production?

Back 73

1. Mass production
2. Industrialised
3. Standartised
4. Artificial regular lightning
5. Feeding at the same time
6. Man built circumstances
7. Iron floor
8. Workers are not owners

Front 74

Which are the general requirements against the grooming, the care of the animal?

Back 74

It is hygienic care given to the animal or a process by hich the animal's physical appearance is enhanced for shows or other types of competition

Front 75

Most significant criteria of the domestic animal breed

Back 75

Domestic animal populations of the same species isolated completely or partially from breeding point of view. Unit of animal husbandry

Front 76

Specify three endangered domestic animal breeds

Back 76

1. Hungarian Grey
2. Telemarks cow
3. Nordlandshengs
4. Mangalica pig
5. Ratska sheep
6. Linderodssvin

Front 77

Please name at least three reasons for preserving genetic resources of domestic animal breed

Back 77

1. Current endangered breeds may posses a genetic character, which can be desired and of advantage
2. Have different adaptation ability and might be more resistant to disease
3. Sustaining the biodiversity of a species

Front 78

Three categories of domestic animals endangerment according to FAO recommendations?

Back 78

1. Normal - no genetic erosion, normal reproduction, normal size of population
2. Thretened - small population, decreased genetic variation, inbredding and lower viability
3. Critical: Terminal - cannot be perserved due to less gene material

Front 79

Effective population size in genetic conservancy is mainly influenced by ?

Back 79

Avoiding random mating, planned crossings, no relatives in mating systems, creating families and changing sires

Front 80

Most frequent reasons for genetic drift of domestic animals (minimum 3)?

Back 80

1. Inappropriate aid
2. Product focused selection
3. Changes in land use
4. Changes in knowledge/technology/economy
5. Cross breeding
6. Storage
7. Conflict
8. Disaster

Front 81

Specify the two basic methods of genetic conservancey

Back 81

In situ conservancy: Preservation breeding of population (in smaller populations in livestock zoos, in herds)
Ex sit conservancy: Genome banks (deep freezing and storage of semen, egg cells and somatic cell)

Front 82

Why are somatic cell clones not identical genetically?

Back 82

Even after cloning of the DNA in the nucleus, the Mitochondrial DNA of the cell remains unchanged and does not resemble that of the cloned cell

Front 83

Organic food definition

Back 83

Produced according to certain production standarts:
Animals --> no antibiotics, no GH
Plants --> no pesticides, insecticides, artificial fertilizers, human waste, sewage, radiation, food additives