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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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structure of the moth ear |
tympanic membrane connected to CNS by two auditory neurons, the tips of which are embedded in the membrane. vibration of the membrane activates stretch receptors in the neurons, causing the TRP proteins to open, depolarising the membrane and firing action potentials. |
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components of reproductive axis |
Hypothalamus, Pituitary and Gonads connects reproductive cycles and rhythms with the external environment |
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effects of testosterone |
puberty, increase size of genitalia promotes secondary sex characteristics like deepened voice, facial hair, increase in muscle mass and bone growth |
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maintenance and release of the endometrium |
controlled by oestrogen and progesterone levels. release of GNRH from H triggers release of LH and FSH from the P, which act on G to release oest. and progst. these positively feedback to LH and FSH. LH promotes ovulation, and non-ovulated follicle cells produce oest and progst, which -vely feedback to LH and FSH. This decrease lowers oest and progst levels, so endometrium breaks down. they stop -vely inhibiting H, so GNRH increases, triggering increase in LH, FSH and then oest and progst. |
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effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) |
activating/blocking hormone receptors, affecting hormone synthesis/release and/or clearance in the body. may affect immune system, thyroid signalling, reproductive system and behaviour |
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environmental oestrogens effects |
amphibians- chemical castration and feminisation- activates aromatase which testosterone-->oestrogen agonist/antagonist on oestrogen receptor to increase tumour incidence reduces fertility (sperm count and semen volume) unintentionally stored in fats so eels die on migration produce intersex fish
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effect of androgens (ie testosterone) on female reproduction |
11 KT and IGF-1 directly affect eel ovaries- they cause the oocytes to take up more lipids in the previtellogenic stage, which increases nutrition store for the egg, increasing fecundity and spawning |
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FAP |
fixed action pattern - stereotypic behaviour triggered by a sign stimulus or releaser which continues to completion. innate, species specific, adaptive |
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imprinting |
recognition of object as item of trust during critical period, irreversible, combination of innate and learned, adaptive |
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spatial learning |
using stable landmarks, associated with larger hippocampus |
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associative learning |
associating environmental stimulus with effect, achieved either by classical or operant conditioning |
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costs of sociality |
increased competition for food, mates and breeding sites, exposure/transmission to parasites and disease, conspicuousness to predators, misdirected parental care or reproductive interference, time and energy spent dealing with social order |
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benefits of sociality |
foraging (sharing info, catching large prey), early predator detection decreases chance of success, vigilance of group increases with size but decreases per individual, group defence, hierarchy, mutual parasitism |
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Hamilton's rule |
natural selection will favour altruistic behaviour when k>1/r k=benefit to recipient/cost to altruist |
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inclusive fitness |
direct fitness (own reproductive success) + indirect fitness (influence on kin success) |
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Parental Investment Theory |
Trivers members of sex which invests least in each offspring will compete for members of high investing sex cost of inappropriate matings higher for females due to greater investment, so they are more discriminating polygynous mating systems more common |
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visual communication |
dependant on light, characterised by spectral composition, intensity, spatial arrangement |
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chemical communication |
release of chemical, detected by taste or smell, often hormones, pheremones, allomones |
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acoustic communication |
species specific, temporal coding, sometimes coincide with visual cues (McGurke effect) |
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three factors required for the evolution of parasitism |
frenquent opportunities of contact between small and larger organism preadaptations for feeding or attachment- evolve for other reasons but serve parasite greater fitness achieved with the parasitism |
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first stages of transition to parasitism of snails on echinoderms |
surface grazing proboscis enters host body parasite body inserts into host integument proboscis elongates until it penetrates a vessel |
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second stages of transition to parasitism of snails on echinoderms |
burial of parasite in host body deeper and deeper burial proboscis penetrates vessel inversion of position- osmotrophy, expulsion of eggs through host digestive tract |
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third stages of transition to parasitism of snails on echinoderms |
no direct contact between parasite and environment for egg expulsion additional loss of digestive tract- absorbs food through skin, releases eggs when host dies |
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consequences of abandonment of free living |
no reduction in genome size, but possible reduction in complexity- more inactive sections transferral of genes from host to parasite morphological (loss of shell, digestive organs, sensory organs) |
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benefits conferred by intermediate hosts |
protection from environmental hazards (more time spent in organism) food and developmental resources at all stages of life cycle easier route to definitive host- exploits existing interspecific relationships |
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8 adaptations required by a parasite to complete its life cycle |
camouflage to avoid detection chemical disguise, immunosuppression timing of egg release and hatching host location and recognition, site finding asexual multiplication timing of larval release and long lifespan increased predator susceptibility mating and egg production |
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asexual reproduction used by.... |
trematodes and some cestodes to improve transmission. uses host reproductive mechanism to produce millions of copies of itself |
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influence of parasites on entire ecosystems |
missing hosts altered abundance and composition of species regulated host population glue ecosystems together increased biodiversity |
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acanthocephalon effect on crabs |
they alter crab behaviour by making them bolder and more exposed to predation |
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trematode effect on snails |
chemical castration of the snails and then uses their reproductive mechanism to asexually reproduce |
