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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 male plainfin midshipman fish.
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Type 1: large body size; circulates Testosterone and 11-ketootestosterone; hums and grunts, large vocal muscle and neurons; high frequency discharge
Type II: small ;secrets only testosterone; only grunts; small vocal muscle and neurons; low vocal discharge frequency |
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How was the central pattern generator for courtship humming in midshipman fish identified?
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Biocytin staining
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What is the congregation of red-sided garter snakes called?
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Limestone hibernacula
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What is the "forward" genetic approach?
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Search for candidate genes of particular function
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What is the "reverse" genetic approach?
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Start with a gene of putative function and knock it out to see what it does
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What is cAMP important for?
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Learning
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What is the chemical called that breaks down cyclic AMP?
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Lack esterase
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What is the genotype of hygienic bee fouldbrood?
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uurr
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What are the three criteria for the "green beard?"
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1. Produces an obvious trait
2. Individuals can distinguish those with the traits 3. Individuals with the same gene treat others with the gene preferentially |
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Describe the two forms of colonies in fire ants.
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Monogyne queens (large) are all BB at Gp-9 locus
Polygyne queens (small) are all Bb at Gp-9 locus Bb workers kill all BB queens; bb have a physiological defect and do not survive; Bb is a stable polymorphism |
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Describe the difference between For and Per.
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For is involved in foraging
Per is Implicated in many different daily rhythms, but a tiny section is reposnsible fo rhte species-specific rhythm of courtship song |
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What is alpha CaMKII involved in?
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Long-term potentiation - spatial learning
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What happened in fyn tyrosine kinase knockout mice?
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Capable of learning, but have trouble swimming
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What was the difference in mice that had difficulty with spatial learning vs. those that had difficulty swimming
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Those that had trouble with spatial learning were alpha CaMKII mutants.
Those that had trouble with swimming were fyn tyrosine kinase knockouts. |
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What could be used to switch the CaMKII transgene on and off in adult animals?
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Forebrain specific promoter combined with tetracycline transactivator system
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What area of the hypothalamus is thought to play a role in nurturing?
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The preoptic area
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What adaptation?
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A sensory receptor continually stimulated fora prolonged period stops responding
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What is the difference between dishabituation and sensitization?
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haibuation is the recovery of a habituated response following the presentation of a strong or novel stimulus. Sensitization is the enhancement of a response to an unhabituated stimulus
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What type of neurons do the tail sensory neurons of Aplysia synapse on?
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Interneurons
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What is the difference between long term facilitation and short term faciliation?
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Long term: protein synthesis
Short term: Existing proteins modified |
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Who discredited the law of equipotentiality and how?
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Garcia showing that rats only short flavor aversion.
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What color are bees slowest at learning?
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Bluegreen
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Do receptors correlate with learning in Bees?
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No
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Give the extinction curves for the memory phases.
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Sensory: 2.5 sec
Short: 1-3 min Consolidation Long: days/weeks |
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What is the difference between anesthesia-resistant memory and long-term memory?
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Anesthesia-resistant memory decays in 4 days; resistant to cold shock and insensitive to cycloheximide
Long-term memory does not decay after 7 datys; sensitive to cycloheximide Both forms work together to producel ong lasting memroy |
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What chemical sis involved in the ARM/LTM pathway to create long-lasting memories?
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cAMP
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Mutants with impaired _____ _____ cannot learn.
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Mushroom bodies.
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Give an example of a species whose cross-fostered offpsrin gpreferred foster parent species
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Zebra finch/Bengalese finch
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WHat can also affect maternal retireal of pups and pups' recognition of family environment, (in addition to fosB)?
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MHC
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What is the "Bruce effect?"
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Exposure to unknown male causes female to abort embryos
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What is ritualization?
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Process by whicha funcitonal behavior pattern or structure is transfomed into a communicaton signal by
1. Increasing conspicuousness 2. Increasing stereotypy 3. INcreasing separation from its original function Ex: bowerbirds; tandem running --- trail pheromones in ants |
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What is the process of ritualization?
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Natural selection on receiver wheni t "notices correlation between an action and a response; senders ritualize the signal ~ signal can be divorced from original function
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Give an example of the handicap principle.
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Ornamental tails of swallows are costly, but males with longer tails are more resistant to parasites
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What is the mating hormone of Bombyxal moths/first pheromone isolated?
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Bombykol
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If asked to write about signal design give topics you could talk about.
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- Q/K
- Alarm pheromones, (minnows/honeybees) - Trail pheromones, (quail) - Queen substance |
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Who produce calls and why?
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Both sexes; used in many contexts
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Why are songs primarily used?
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Fighting/flirting
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What was the earliest model system of white-crowned sparrows?
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Sensitive period: 10-50 days
Subsong: 150; relatively unstructured twittering Plastic song: Components of adult song Crystallized song: 200 days; mature song, does not change |
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What is a genetically-encoded program which enables the young bird to learn conspecific song preferentially called?
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Template
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Describe the two vocal nuclei in bird brains.
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1. Posterior Descending Pathway
- Lesions disrupt sound production at any stage; pathway involves neuronal generation in adults; HVS - RA - nXIIts 2. Anterior Forebrain Pathway - Lesions do not affect birds with mature, crystallized song; desions of deafened birds with crystallized song can prevent degradation of song over time; L-MAN - X - DLM |
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Give an example of an organism that undergoes kinesis.
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Human body lice
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When is klinotaxis often used?
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If you only have one sense organ, such as fly maggot
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When is tropotaxis often used?
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Chemical orientation ,such as ant and bee antennae
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What is goal-directed orientation by fixation on a distant target.
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Telotaxis
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What is trip restlessness of migrator birds in spring, fall called?
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Zugunruhe
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Give two examples of an endogenous clock?
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Clunio midge genetic basis for eclosion times and flowering periodicity in bamboo
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Did clock genes evolve simultaneously in animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria?
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No, clock genes seem to have evolved independently in each
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What are "time givers" called?
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Zeitgebers
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Does migration show endogenous or exogenous circannual rhythms?
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Exogenous
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About how many workers are there in a honey bee colonY?
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30,000
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How much pollen does a colony collect in a season?
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20 kg
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As the distance to a food source increases beyond 50 m, how does the dance indicate increased distance?
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1. Number of waggles
2. Duration of waggle 3. Duration of sound 4. Distance covered by waggle |
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What type of bees indicate height in their dance?
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Melipona sp
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What is the study of the function and adaptive value of the behavior of animals called?
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Behavioral ecology
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What is the study of the function and adaptive value of the behavior of animals in a social context called?
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Sociobiology
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What are three predictions of the contingency theorem?
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1. Whether ot no a given foodt ype is eaten should be independnet of that type's own abundance; depends only on the abundance of better types
2. There are no partial preferences (not supported) 3. When all types become more abundance, in richer habitats, the diet is restricted to fewer types |
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What are limits on the animals' feasible choices and limits on the pay-off that may be obtained called?
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Constraint assumptions
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What are two assumption s of the optimal diet model?
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1. Exclusivity of search and exploitation
2. Complete information |
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According to the marginal value theorem, how long should an animal stay at a patch?
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Until its marginal value drops to the expected E/T of an average patch, including travel time and time within the patch
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What are 3 qualitative prediction so the marginal value model?
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1. Longer persistence in each patch when environment as a whole is poorer or when travel time is longer
2. Patches are all reduced to the same marginal value 3. More resources are extracted from better patches |
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Give an example of a species that shows risk-prone and risk-averse foraging.
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Metapeira: social spiders; risk prone strategy is to live solitarily; risk averse is to live in lush habitats
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what is the percent mortality for untreated infections called?
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Virulence
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What is a disease-causing organism called?
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Pathogen
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What is an assumption of virulence-trade off?
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Rapid reproduction in host leads to infective but immobilized host and, incidentally, higher mortality (virulence)
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How are trade-offs different for vector-borne diseases?
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Vectors continue to transmit pathogens from immobilized hosts ~ vector-borne diseases are more virulent
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What is the interaction between two players with a conflict of interest called?
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Game
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What are rules describing each contestant's behavior called?
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Strategy
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For what type of ESS can the optimal ratio of strategy 1 players compared to strategy 2 players, using p+q=1.
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Stable Mixed ESS
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What is anisogamy?
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CHoosy females; unselective males
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What is the allee effect?
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Probability of finding mates is density-dependent
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What is Muller's ratchet?
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The genomes of an asexual population accumulate deleterious mutations in an irreversible manner.
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What is the red queen/disease theory?
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Every species is in a coevolutionary arms race with predators, prey, pathogens, and parasites; hosts/pathogens are in a frequency depenent game
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A 50:50 sex ratio is favored in ESS by type of selection?
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Negative-frequency-dependent selection
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Describe Cm * M = Cf * F
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The cost of a male times the number of males equals the cost of a females times the number of females
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What is the Trivers-Willard hypothesis?
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Females in better condition should preferentially produce the sex with the strongest fitness payoff for increased quality, as seen in red deer where dominant females produce more sons
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What are two predictions of the sensory exploitation/bias?
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1. Female preference evolved before male display trait
2. FEmale preference is a consequence of adaptation of the female sensory system for functions in other contexts |
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Give an example of sensory exploitation and fisherian (runaway) process.
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Sensory exploitation: Xiphophorus tails
FIsherian: stalk-eyed males |
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What is the Fisherian (runaway) process?
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Female preference and male display trait evolved together (as opposed to sensory exploitation in which preferences are indirect effect of selection on other sensory systems)
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What are small, random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry in a morphological trait called; measure of mate quality?
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Fluctuating asymmetry; FA thought to be a measure of an individuals' ability to follow its genetic plan and cope with environmental perturbations during development
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Give an example of females that sometimes copy each other's choices.
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Black grouse
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What are the 5 types of mating systems?
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1. Monogamy
2. Polygyny 3. Polyandry 4. Promsicuity 5. Polygamy |
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What depends on the extent to which females are spatially clumped and the relative synchrony of their timing of reproduction?
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Environmental potential for polygyny (EPP)
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What is the Fisherian (runaway) process?
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Female preference and male display trait evolved together (as opposed to sensory exploitation in which preferences are indirect effect of selection on other sensory systems)
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What are small, random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry in a morphological trait called; measure of mate quality?
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Fluctuating asymmetry; FA thought to be a measure of an individuals' ability to follow its genetic plan and cope with environmental perturbations during development
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Give an example of females that sometimes copy each other's choices.
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Black grouse
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What are the 5 types of mating systems?
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1. Monogamy
2. Polygyny 3. Polyandry 4. Promsicuity 5. Polygamy |
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What depends on the extent to which females are spatially clumped and the relative synchrony of their timing of reproduction?
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Environmental potential for polygyny (EPP)
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Describe the polygyny threshold model.
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It may pay females to forgo some parental care in order to get access to high quality resources. Occurs most often in "patchy" habitats; male territory quality influences his reproductive success
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Will the reproductive success of females choosing an already paired male be as great as those choosing an unpaired male according to the polygyny threshold model?
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Yes; prediction supporte dofr lark bunting; (contraictory resulsts for pied flycatcher)
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What species support the idea according to the polygyny threshold model that the reproductive success of females choosing an already paired male be as great as those choosing an unpaired male?
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Support: lark bunting
Contradict: pied flycatcher |
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When should leks arise?
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Leks should arise when males provide nop arental care, but hte environmenta provides little opportunity for resource or mate control
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Species with what in common should have leks closer together?
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Species with more similar diets hsould have more similar distributions of females and leks should be closer together
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Is polyandry more common in birds or mammals?
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Neither; polyandry is rare in birds and mammals
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What are the three types of hermaphoriditism?
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Sequential
Serial: change back and forth (Ex: Okinawa rubble goby) Simultaneous hermaphroditism: mechanisms to prevent cheating (Ex: Hamlet fish) |
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What are the two types of sequential hermaphroditism?
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Protogyny: female then male (ex: leaner wrasse)
Protandry: male then female (ex: anemone fish) |
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What are three traits of eusociality?
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1. Reproductive division of labor (sterile castes)
2. Cooperative brood care 3. Overlap of generations |
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What are the alternatives to account for genetic heterogeneity when colonies have more than one queen?
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Sperm clumping
Kin recognition Queen maniuplation Ecological and demographic factors |
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How many foragers are there in the colony of 30,000 workers?
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10,000
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Describe the occelli-covering experiment.
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Bees have occelli to perceive the strength of the light in the nests; Gould painted over the occelli of a waggle dancer, so when she returned to the hive, she did not orient with respect to the light bulb and the other foragers misread her dance.
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What are six factors used to determine if the cavity is the bee's home?
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1. Cavity volume
2. Entrance size 3. Height off the ground 4. Direction from where they're located 5. Proximity to the cavity floor (how deep the hole is in the tree) 6. Presence of pre-existing cones in the cavity |
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What are the 3 main bodies of behavior ecology?
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1. Optimality, including ESS theory
2. Sexual selection and mating systems 3. Sociality and kin selection |
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How was it shown that there is a partial preference, (contrary to the assumptions of the contingency theory)?
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Meal worms presented to a Blue tit on a moving conveyor belt; even if there were many tiny meal worms, the bird only picked out the big ones; however, if the frequency of all of the mealworms increased, took nothing but the large ones ~ found partial preference in the experiment
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When do bees head to the next patch?
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When the declining predation rate in the present patch = E/T of all the other patches in the environment, including the energy spent traveling between the patches.
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Describe the different living conditions of the Metapira spiders.
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Not all are social, because communal living reduces the variance and if the terrain is really difficult, this increase the risk of everyone failing
- Low variance in Vera Cruz where copious environment (social) - high variance in Durange where harsh environment (independent) |
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What is another name for dirt-eating?
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Pikah
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What part of the contingency theorem (besides partial preference) do animals fail to live up to?
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Animals are not omniscent as required by these models ~ need to sample
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What are areas that an individual or group defends against others called?
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Territory
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What are areas habitually used but not defended called?
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Home range
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Describe the different views on aggression.
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Comparative psychologists: aggression is a social pathology; Lorenz believed aggression settles disputes and optimizes efficient use of resources to prevent overpopulation
- Behavioral ecologists: economic analysis of aggression |
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For the hawk-dove model, what happens if C>B?
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Hawks do better than doves, when fighting either hawks or doves.
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Is sex necessary?
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No; reproduction is necessary
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What is the predominant mode of reproduction?
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Cell division
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What is ansiogamy?
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Organisms have gametes of very different sizes
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What is isogamy?
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Organisms aa hve same-sized gametes
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What is the two-fold cost of sex?
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Sex is not a stable ESS, (largest disadvantage of sex), because on average 1/2 of offsprings are males and 1/2 are females; while all asexual offspring can produce more offspring, only the females can produce offspring of sexual organisms
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What is the different in sexual prevalence between marine vs. freshwater.
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Marine fish are more conditioned to a stable environment, so they are more difficult to culture
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What is the "tangled bank" model?
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The asexual parent buys more tickets to the lottery, but they are all the same number, whereas sexual parents have fewer tickets, but with variable numbers
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Describe how equal numbers and equal investment is not necessarily the same thing.
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Females might be twice as costly to produce, so only half the amount are produced
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Give an example of parent-offspring conflict.
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During pregnancy, a condition called preacclampsia can occur, in which the fetus tries to garner as many nutrients as possible, whereas the mother tries to conserve them, causing high blood pressure in the mother
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What are two intersexual processes?
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- Sensory Exploitation
- Fisherian (runaway) process |
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What is another name for the Fisherian process?
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Runaway process
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Give an example of sensory exploitation.
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Tungara frogs whine to attract females; some chuck in addition to the whine, which makes them more appearing to females, but more likely to be eaten by pats; appeal for chucks evolved prior and then became highly selected for as a sexual trait
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What are three basic features of the Fisherian process?
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1. Selection favoring male trait favors correlated female preference
2. Stronger female preference leads to greater selection for male trait 3. Self-reinforcing, self-perpetuating process |
