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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did Conrad Lorenz focus on?
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Focused on the notion of "type behavior"
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What is "type behavior" and what does it feed inTo?
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A genetic basis for behavior; fits well with Hitler's doctrine
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Is nature a European or an American philosophy?
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European
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Is nurture a European or an American philosophy?
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American
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What is the order of:
Innate Releasing Mechanism Key Stimulus Fixed Action Pattern |
KS ~ IRM ~ FAP
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What is umwelt?
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The "surrounding world;" perceptible stimuli playing into an organism's motivational state
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Describe the workings of the water beetle, Dysticus's, umwelt.
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Strictly uses an olfactory sense to eat tadpoles; even though they have good vision, they will not respond to tadpole's behind a glass wall; their umwelt is strictly chemosensory
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Describe the umwelt of the fritillary butterfly
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Has good color vision, but when motivated to mate, uses wing beat frequency to determine females
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What is an exaggerated stimulus that is more effective than the key stimulus called?
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Supernormal releaser stimulus
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Give an example of an exaggerated stimulus.
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Cuckoos exaggerate the key stimuli of a chick's gape
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Give an example of a feature detector using toads.
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When common toads encounter a food item elongating in the direction of its axis, they stick out their tongues without any need to learn from experience; (fix ~ snap ~ swipe)
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What is a central pattern generator?
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Neural circuit that produces a complex coordinated motor pattern
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Give an example of the central pattern generator using crickets?
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Simply by electrically stimulating the command cells in the brain, he could turn on the wing pattern that produces song pattern
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What type of song did hybrid cricket females prefer?
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Song from hybrids
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Is there always a coupling between female genotype and a preference for characteristics coming from a male with the same genotype, (coupling)?
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No
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Crickets sing differently at different ______.
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Temperatures
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When varied the temperature of a female cricket's head and thorax, what was found about the cricket's song preference?
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Found that females preferred males at the temperature of her head ~ feature detector comes mostly from the head.
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In which type of systems can feature detector's work?
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Predator/prey systems
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What is the black box/toilet bowl model?
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Animals build up a drive, making them them want to behave in a certain way, until the build up gets to a certain point, then it is released and they perform the behavior in an inappropriate context.
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What is it called when animals build up a drive, making them them want to behave in a certain way, until the build up gets to a certain point, then it is released and they perform the behavior in an inappropriate context.
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Black box/toilet bowel model
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What has to happen in order for Rhodneus to progress to the next molt?
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They have to have a blood meal
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What happens in you chop of Rhodneus's head without a blood meal?
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It will not progress to the next molt
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What happens if chop off Rhodneus's head five days after a blood meal?
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It will progress to the next molt
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Describe the effect of cutting insects at varying times during pupation?
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- Cutting the insect at day 7 in last stage of pupation ~ front pupate while next will not
- Cutting the insect at day 10 ~ both halves pupate - Something must happen between day 7 and 10 that allows full pupation to occur. |
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What does the prothoracic gland do in certain caterpillars?
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Releases PTTH, which works on prothoracic gland, causing it to produce molting horming, ecdicone
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What is ecdicone?
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Molting hormone
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What is PTTH?
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Hormone produced by the prothoracic gland in certain caterpillars, causing it to produce molting hormone
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What determine whether a larvae will turn into an adult?
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Juvenile hormone
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What secretes juvenile hormone in larvae?
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Corporate hormone
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hat do releasing factors secrete by the hypothalamus target?
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The anterior pituitary
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How are the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary connected?
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Through the portal system
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How are the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus connected?
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Through the hypotahalmus neurosecretory cells
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What initiates the sexual process in ring doves?
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Exposure into light and nesting materials.
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Describe the 4 phases on the ring dove sexual process?
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Phase I: Rise in steroids cause courtship behavior
Phase II: Doves make a nest together and mate Phase III: Occur during incubation; prolactic levels rise, inhibiting further secretion of testosterone and estrogen; influences cells lining birds' crop to develop and produce crop milk Phase IV: Chicks start to hatch; prolactin levels drop |
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How can ring doves be stimulated to incubate?
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Fake eggs
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What need to be present in order for prolactin to be secreted and the development of crop milk?
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Nest, eggs, and incubation
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Describe hormonal differences in droning fish?
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Type 1 hums to attract females and invests 1% of its body weight in testes
Type 2 cannot hum to attract females, but invests 15% of its body in testes Develop into either Type 1 or Type 2 based on population density |
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What determines whether droning fish will develop into either Type 1 or Type 2 males?
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Ppulation density
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Give an example of adaptive coupling in droning fish?
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When females have higher levels of testosterone and esterdiol, they become more sensitive to male humming
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When are twins considered concordant?
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If they both have a disease
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How concordant are dizygotic twins?
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25%
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How concordant are monozygotic twins?
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95%
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Who studied twins?
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Tom Boushard
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What did Tom Boushard find in his twin studied?
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Found that w hoel batteryof personality traits were substantially influenced by genes
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Give an example of self-fulfilling prophecy.
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Boraku were the lowest class in Japanese society; scored 10-15 points lower on IQ tests; when emigrated to Hawaii, however, descendants of Boraku had IQ about equal to the Japanese population
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What happened when selected for female stalk-eyed flies with shorter and shorter stalk lengths?
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The female offspring of those flies preferred sort stalk lengths
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Describe monogyne colonies of the "green beard" of red fire ants?
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On large queen; all are BB at the Gp-9 locus
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Describe polygyne colonies of the "green bears" of red fire ants.
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Several smaller queens; all are Bb the Gp-9 locus
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Where is the for gene more highly expressed in bees?
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More highly expressed in the nest in sitters, as opposed to rovers
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What gene is long term potentiation associated with?
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Alpha CaMKII
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What happened when mice were placed in a morris water max when alpha CaMKII gene was knocked out.
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Could navigate if given distal cues as well as wild type after five trails , but not without distal cues
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What happened when fyn tyrosine kinase was knocked out in mice?
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Knock outs were capable of learning, but had trouble swimming
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What does foB gene influence?
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Whether mother mice nurture their offspring or not
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What has to happen in mice in order to turn on fosB gene?
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The mother has to have contact with the pups
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What does the regulatory gene vasopressing V1a receptor influence?
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Mate bonding and social behavior
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What happens when mice are transgenic for the monogamous prairie vole V1a receptor?
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Affiliate with their mates more than wild type mice
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What is adaptation?
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Sensory receptor continually stimulated for a prolonged period stops responding
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What is apparent deafness after walking out of a loud concert and example of?
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Adaptation
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What are the 5 types of non-associative learning?
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1. Adaptation
2. Habituation 3. Dishabituation 4. Sensitization 5. Facilitation |
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What is habituation?
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Reductin or elimination of a behavioral response to a stimulus
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Give an example of habituation.
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Baby hawks stop responding to the shadow of the bird that most frequently lies over head.
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What is dishabituation?
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Recovery of a habituated response following the presentation the presentation of a strong or novel stimulus
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Give an example of sensitization.
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Something has happened at the beginning of the film that has prepared you for something frightening to occur
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What is facilitation?
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No new synthesis of proteins; the enhancement of proteins that are already there.
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Give an example of facilitation?
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Long term memory involves the enhancement of proteins that are already there
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Is tool use an example of operant conditioning or classical conditioning?
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Operant conditioning
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What is latent learning?
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Familiarization with a stimulus without positive or negative reinforcement
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Give an example of latent learning.
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Mice are released into a maze with a screech owl; mice that were allowed to inspect room beforehand were less likely to get caught
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What is insight learning?
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Learning through perception of configurational relationships
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When 2 mobbing black birds were placed where they could hear each other, but not see what the other saw and one cried out when saw a predator, the other learned to cry out when it simultaneously saw a honey creeper. What is this an example of?
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Imitation learning
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What colors do bees learn to associate best?
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Blue-violet
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What type of electromagnetic wavelength do bees see best?
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UV blue
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What type of patterns do bees learn best?
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Symmetrical patterns
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What is long term memory controlled by in bees?
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Corpora pedunctulata and the calyx
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Is it always possible to block the effect of memory?
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No; not if you wait a certain amount of time
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What are 2 forms of long-lasting memory?
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1. Long-Term Memory: no decay of memory after 7 days; sensitive to cyclohemidine
2. Anesthesia-resistant memorY; memory decays in four days; resistant to cold shock; insensitive to cycloheximide |
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What is the in control of the signaling pathway involved in long-lasting memory?
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cAMP
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Where are long term memories stored in flies?
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Mushroom bodies
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Can mutants with impaired mushroom bodies in flies learn?
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No
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WHat type of response is imprinting in birds?
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A multi-model response; involves many sensory inputs
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What are 2 predispositions for key stimuli?
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1. Predisposition for key stimuli that can be associated with "mom"
2. Learning takes place to associate that key stimulus with "mom" |
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What are the two types of birds, (imprinting-wise?)
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Precocial birds - prolonged care by mother
Altricial birds - do not imprint |
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What are precocial birds?
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Immediately run around and follow the mother; prolonged care by the mother
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What are altricial birds?
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Do not impring; mothers feed them in the nest fora while
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Are cuckoos precocial birds or altricial birds?
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Start out altricial, but still need to recognize their own mother
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Which type of birds are more sensitive to uncertainty in their environment - precocial birds or altricial birds?
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Precocial birds
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What is the handicap principle?
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Ornamental tails of swallows are costly, but male with longer tails more resistant to parasites; however, individuals with longer tails in the first place were better able to bear the cost associated with individuals
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What is aposematic coloration?
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Warning coloration
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What is Batesian mimicry?
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Mimic an unpalatable model
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What type of limitation is often imposed on batesian mimicry in certain species?
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Sex-limited; strong selection on the females to live a long time
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What is always at a higher frequency: the model of batesian mimicry or the poisonous animal?
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The model to prevent habituation to the non-poisonous animal
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What is mullerian mimcry?
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convergence of unpalatable species on a common color/pattern; all are toxic
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What do sex-linked chromosome patterns in cuckoos lead to?
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Different colored eggs based on the species whose nests they lay their eggs in
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What are four factors in the process of communication?
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1. SIgnal generation
2. Transmission through the medium 3. Signal reception and processing 4. Decisions based on the perceived signal |
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What are pheromones?
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Semichemical used to communicate with the same species, often in mating
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What are semiochemicals called that are involved in communication between organs and tissues?
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Hormones and neurotransmitters
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What does the q/k ratio determine?
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HOw far pheromones travel
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What is k in the q/k ratio?
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Threshold of response
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Is the q/k ratio high or low for sex pheromones?
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Extremely high
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What are primers?
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Chemical form of sensitization; influences the motivational state of the animal
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What is 9 ODA?
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Queen substance
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What is another word for queen substance?
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9 ODA
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What are the 7 functions of the queen substance, (9 ODA)?
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1. Worker daily activity - primer
2. Suppression of worker ovary development - primer 3. Worker retinue - releaser 4. Queen cell construction - releaser - Larvae that are put in special cells designating them as queen are fed "royal jelly" 5. Emergency queen bearing - releaser 6. Swarm aggregation - releaser 7. SEx pheromone - releaser |
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What is attenuation?
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Decrease in efficiency across long distance, such as sound signals
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What type of communication do sharks use?
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Electrical communication
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Why is there a predominance of red signals in guppies from some streams with predatory prawns?
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Prawns cannot see red
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What do orchids do that is deceitful?
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Produce the same pheromone blend of hormones and visual signals to simulate a female wasp ~ males hone in on the scent and try to mate with the flower
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In order for orchids to successfully deceive male wasps, what has to logistically coincide?
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Blooming of the orchids has to coincide with the female mating system
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This is the toxic chemical of femme fatal butterflies.
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Lucibufagins
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Are cricket and frog songs learned?
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No, they are innate
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What are the three types of birds that use song signals?
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Hummingbirds, parrots, and songbirds,
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What type of songbirds particularly use song signals?
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The corvida and passerida
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What are three ways to measure the sounds of birds?
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Amplitude wave form, sonograms, and power spectrograms
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What type of male sedge warblers attract more females?
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Male sedge warblers with larger syllable repertoiers
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What is the main predictor of reproductive success in male sedge warblers?
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Repertoire size
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what does the repertoire size correlate with?
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Number of successful fledglings that successfully return from migration
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What are minor variations on a particular song called?
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Song types
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What is the set of song types sung by a bird called?
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Repertoire
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What are a series of syllables in a pattern called in a bird song?
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PHrases
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What are the units of a phrase in a bird song called?
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Syllables
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What is the most important part of the indigo bunting song?
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Inter-syllable pause
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What are the smallest building blocks of a bird song called?
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Elements
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Are bird songs more similar to their neighbors or their fathers?
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Neighbors
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What are birds doing when they dream?
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Practicing their song
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What are the two vocal nuclei in birds?
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Posterior descending pathway, PDP), and anterior forebrain pathway, (AFP)
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What are the 3 parts of the PDP?
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1. Higher vocal center, (HVC)
2. RA, (robust nucleus of the archistriatum) 3. nXIIts, (tracheosyringeal portin of hte hypoglossal nucleus, which leads to the syrinx |
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What do lesions to the PDP do?
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Disrupt sound production at any stage; pathway involves neuronal generation in adults
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What are the parts of the anterior forebrain pathway, (AFP)?
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1. L-MAN
2. Area X 3. DLM |
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What is L-MAN?
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Lateral portion of hte magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum
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What is DLM?
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Medial portion of the dorsolateral thalamus
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What do lesions to the anterior forebrain pathway, (AFP), do?
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Lesions do not affect birds with mature, crystallized songs
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What are closed learners in birds?
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Do not change their song much after it has been learned
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What happens if you deafen a bird before its song is crystallized?
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It will sing a subsong its entire life
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WHen can a zebra finch learn up until?
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Right up until the crystallization period
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Are females necessarily attracted to males with the same song?
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No
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How did Baptista disprove Marler?
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There is something about hte taped song that cannot capture what a live bird can do.
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Describe resident killer whales.
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Unique dorsal fin shape and markings make each whale individually identifiable; large suit of pod-specific calls; usually eat salmon
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Describe transient killer whales.
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Do not interact with resident whales; a few calls produced by all transients
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What is kinesis?
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Undirected orientation movements
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Give an example of kinesis.
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Paramecium will just speed up its movement in an undirect fashion; by performing more movements, it's more likely to move from one area to another
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What is taxis?
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Orientation movement directed away with respect to a stimulus
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What are 10 types of taxis?
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1. Phototaxis
2. Phonotaxis 3. Chemotaxis 4. Geotaxix 5. Anemotaxis 6. Rheotaxis 7. Menotaxis 8. Klinotaxis 9. Tropotaxis 10. Telotaxis |
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What is the taxis in response to gravity called?
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Geotaxis
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What is taxis in response to wind called?
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Anemotaxix
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What is taxis in response to water current called?
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Rheotaxis
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Can taxis be positive or negative?
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Yes
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WHat is menotaxis?
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Orientation by maintaining a constant angle with respect to the stimulus
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What is the taxis called whereby orientation is maintained at a constant angle with respect to the stimulus
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Menotaxis
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Give two examples of menotaxis.
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1. Moths to a flame
2. Ants can compensate for the movement of the sun |
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What is klinotaxis?
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Successive sampling while movement through a gradient.
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What is the taxis called of sampling while moving through a gradient?
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Klinotaxis
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Give an example of klinotaxis, (also an example of negative phototaxis).
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Fly maggot; maggots look for a dark place to pupate ~ turn their head to find the darkest spot, using photoreceptors; successive sampling system in which it stores the directions that it has moved its head and then proceeds to sample
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What is tropotaxis?
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Taking simultaneous smaples from paired receptors
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In which type of orientation is toropotaxis most common?
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Chemical orientation
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Give an example of tropotaxis.
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Ant and bee antennae - if puff odor on a bee on the right antennae, it tries to turn its left antennae into the puff to expose that antennae to the odor, as well
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What is telotaxis?
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Goal-directed orientation by fixation on a distant target; no deviations from straight path
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Give examples of telotaxis.
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Archer fish, chameleons, praying mantis
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What is the aximuth?
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Position of the horizon intercepted by a vertical line, dropped from sun to horizon
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What type of image does polarized light give.
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Plane gives you 180 degrees forward and backward, but you need a fixed reference point to triangulate
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Give an example of an animal that uses polarized light to find it way home.
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Cataglyphis desert ant
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What is mnemotaxis?
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Landmark navigation using memory
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Give an example of an animal that uses mnemotaxis.
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Used by salmon to find their way home - raised in hatchery, where they were exposed to artificial odors; when displaced in a far away lake, travel up streams where that scent is present
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What is magnetotaxis?
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Orientation with respect to magnetic cues
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What are two kinds of magnetic information/
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1. Earth itself acts like a very large magnet
2. Fine scale irregular variations in the Earth's magnetic field, such as sea mounds |
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What type of taxis does Aquaspirillum bacteria use?
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Swim toward magnetic north in order to swim down in Northern Hemisphere and toward magnetic south in order to swim down in the Southern Hemisphere; want to dive away from oxygen; Souther Hemisphere bacteria displaced in Northern Hemisphere die
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How does Aquaspirillium know to orient in a specific magnetic direction?
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Bits of magnetite in the bacteria produce this response; even dead bacteria move towards magnetic north
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What type of taxis do hammerhead sharks use?
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Magnetotaxis and other cues
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Describe the taxis hierarchy in homing pigeons.
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On suny days, even if interfere internal magnet with an external one, pigeons have no trouble finding way home; on cloudy days, however, interfering with internal magnetic field confuses pigeons
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Give an example of an animal that has lunar/semilunar/mixed rhythms.
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Palolo worms
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What is an endogenous clock?
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Keeps time without external input
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Give two species that contain clock genes?
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Drosophila and Clunio midges
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What is an exogenous clock?
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Biological clock that requires external input to keep time
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What are zeitgebers?
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"time givers," such as light/dark cycles, temperatures cycles, and social cues
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