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70 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Chronobiology

The study of periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organism

Exogenous

stop when external cue removed (typically temperature driven in plants and insects)

Endogenous

continue when external cue removed (inherent, genetic basis)

Free Running

exist even if there are no external cues to synchronize with (animals reared in dark)

Ultradian

less than
Circatidal (with tides, about 12.4 hours)
Circahoral (about an hour)

Infradian

greater than


Circalunar (lunar cycle, about one month)


Circaannual (about one year)

Circadian

approximately equal to


Entrained to light/dark cycle (most)

Zeitgebers (from German “time giver”)

Environmental factors that set the internal biological clock


Infants are free running, have not entrained to zietgebers

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Pacemaker in mammals


(Similar in function to pineal in birds)

Antrhopomorphism

Lloyd Morgan's Canon, 1903: "In no way is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes, if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the psychological scale of evolution and development."

Pooling fallacy

It is better to have a small number of measurements from a large number of subjects than to have large a number of measurements from a small number of subjects

Latency

Time from one event to onset of behavior

Frequency

Occurrences per unit of time

Duration

Length of time of a single occurrence of a behavior

Intensity

Strength or amplitude of a behavior

Ad libitum sampling

No constraints on what to watch or when


Write down everything that appears to be important

Focal sampling

Few constraints on what to watch, just which animals to watch


Observe a single unit (individual, pair, litter)

Behavior sampling

Watch whole group and record each occurrence of a particular behavior(s)

Scan Sampling

Few constraints on who or what to watch, just when to watch


Scan group at regular intervals


Record a few simple behaviors of each animal


Limited to recording simple events like sleeping or eating

Instincts

Genetic components


Reflexes – autonomic responses - salivation to food


Action patterns – goose retrieving eggs out of nest

Cognitive capabilities

environmental - learned components

Behavioral Repertoire

catalog of behaviors


basic instincts interacting with cognitive capabilities

Instinct Box

things critical to life are put in the instinct box

Basic instincts

eating, reproduction, fear, territoriality, etc

Cognition

psychic processes that cannot be observed, but for which there is scientific evidence from which they can be inferred

brain stimulation

electrical, causes outcome

brain lesions

cutting, destroying, stops outcome

brain agonists

mimic the natural chemical

brain antagonists

block the natural chemical

classical neurons

towards the brain: sensory, afferent


away from the brain: motor, efferent

Macroneurons

large principle neurons of the brain

originate early in development

microneurons

small connections between parts of the brain


postnatal development

routine (modulated responses)

maintenance functions happen all the time and are adjusted/regulated

occasional (modulated responses)

hormone related/triggered behaviors

Limbic system

interface between hypothalamus and other areas


regulator of survival business


memories


emotional/behavior life


some learning

hypothalamus

homeostasis


behavior related: pleasure, sex drive, anger, aggression regulator

hippocampus

converting short term memory to long term memory

amygdala

aggression

sensory memory

millisecond storage for development of a perception, then transferred to short term memory

short term memory (STM)

7 clusters of information, 20-30 seconds - cache ramprocessing, working memory, transferred to long term memory

long term memory (LTM)

permanent (only retrieval is lost) and limitless, proteins that strengthen the synapses of neurons in the brain

encoding

active process, filtering, different levels of processing, some is deeper, converts raw input into an important item

storage

multiple locations of various iterations of information

retrieval

reconstructions from storage, cues help, errors involved

engram

theoretical unit of memory

decay (forgetting)

loss of information

interference (forgetting)

competition

retrieval failure (forgetting)

sporadic

intentional (forgetting)

repressed memories (freud)

domestication

"evolutionary phenomenon" - a process, not an event


how we chose: met a human need, close proximity, easy to domesticate

Six main obstacles to domestication

1. diet difficult to supply by humans


2. slow growth rate and long birth spacing


3. tendency to panic in enclosure or when faced with predators


4. reluctance to breed in captivity


5. lack of follow the leader dominance hierarchies


6. nasty disposition

Pedomorphosis

adult species retains traits that were previously only seen in juveniles

behavioral genetics

connecting the behavioral phenotype to the genotype

correlated responses

selecting for one trait often unintentionally selects for other traits

Pleiotropy

a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits

scientific research

purpose: help distinguish between competing hypotheses and thereby reduce the number of ways in which the natural world can be accounted for

psychology

study of the mind

ethology

biological study of animal behavior



behavioral ecology

field studies of the relationship of behavioral patterns of social and ecological conditions

sociobiology

effect of population biology on behavior

behavioral biology

everything - biology and mechanisms

proximate causation

how does it work? what stimuli elicits the behavior and what are the physiological mechanisms that activate and regulate this behavior?

ultimate causation

why does the animal have this behavior? what does it provide? survival value, reproductive value, etc

individual learning

not passed to the next generation

cultural/social learning

passed on to the next generation

genetic variation

mutation, genetic recombination, migration

fitness consequences

genetic variation must translate into advantages/disadvantages in the offspring

inheritance

the fitness consequences must be passed to the next generation

extinction

lack of sufficient variation

survival

requires adaptation