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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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infancticide |
males kill infants |
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reason for infanticide |
eliminates competition from rival offspring
females return to estrus when they stop lactating |
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how do females protect from infanticide |
they live together and fight off intruding males
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intrasexual selection on testes |
testes size increase with multiple males around q |
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sexual dimorphism |
phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species ex. antlers, horns |
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anisogamy |
union of 2 dissimilar gametes a form of sexual reproduction
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how is sex flexible |
asexual hermaphrodite sex determination by incubation temperature (sea turtles) sex changes in marine animals (sea bass when resident male dies) |
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3 classification of mating systems |
monogamy polygamy promiscuity
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mongamy |
one partner per breeding season
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polygamy |
polygyny: 1 male multiple females per breeding season polyandry: 1 female multiple males per breeding season |
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promiscuity |
polygynandry: no pair bonds but still discriminative and selective
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monogamy female perspective |
-sufficient in fertilizing eggs don't need to waste time on others -benefit from male support |
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monogamy male perspective |
-females are scarce -mate guarding. (females still receptive after mating) -mate assistance (seahorses) |
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social monogamy |
long term pair bonding
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genetic monogamy |
2 individuals which only reproduce with each other |
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Benefits of EPC extra pair copulations |
reduce inbreeding increase reproductive success |
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polygyny male perspective |
maximize reproductive output -cost of achieving dominance/defending territory |
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polygyny female perspective |
-sexy son hypothesis (good genes passed on) -female benefits of mating with dominant male (better territory/resources) -beneficial to remain in groups (lion) -costly to drive off other females
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4 types of polygany |
-female defense polygyny -resource defense polygyny -scramble competition polygyny -lek polygyny |
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female defense polygyny |
males defend harems of females females are densely aggregated |
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resource defense polygyny |
males defend territories or resources such as nest sites or food |
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scramble competition polygyny |
females and resources are spread out. or time limited. best strategy is searching and persisting. aggression does not have huge payoff.
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lek polygyny |
male display sites (bowerbirds, hammerhead bats, fallow deer) |
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polyandry |
1 female multiple males
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sandpiper polyandry |
1 female get territory rich in nutrients males come on and only feeds precocious offspring.
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cryptic mate choice examples |
happens due to rape -female duck vaginas are twisted -cricket stores sperm doesn't use related sperm -guppies focal males inseminated more sperm
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independent young |
parents not there when the babies hatch
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altricial young |
babies are helpless, not fur/feathers. stay in nest until older
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precocial young |
have fur/feathers follow parent after born |
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r-strategies |
-emphasis on high growth rate -produce many offspring with low survival rate -good for unstable unpredictable environments
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k-strategies |
-display traits of living at densities close to carrying capacity -invest heavily in few offspring -high probability of surviving |
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sibling rivalry |
birds see uneven distribution of food. healthier offspring usually get more food. gape color/chick coloring |
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condition dependent sex allocation |
adjust ratio of sons/daughters based on resource availability. i.e. more resources more sons
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female care |
usually internal fertilization, not sure who fertilized eggs |
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male care |
external fertilization, certainty of paternity
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brood paratism |
individuals other than genetic parents provide care -reduces host parents success by killing other offspring/monopolizing resources care |
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brood parasitism defenses/counterdefences |
host vigilance-quick deposit host vigilance-frighten away host recognition-mimicry mafia strategy bully into taking care of their young cuckoo bird eggs incubated for 24 hours before |
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alloparent |
group members other than genetic parents provide parental care |
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benefits of being in a social group |
-defense of food, young, territories -altruism/helpers -social learning -cooperative foraging and hunting -anti-predator adaptions (safety in numbers) |
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costs of being in a social group |
-competition for mates, food, nests -exposure to parasites/disease organisms -conspicuous to predators -time and energy to maintain social structure -may take care of other young
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dilution effect |
each individual in group has a smaller chance of being eaten |
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mobbing/active group defense |
all gang up on predator |
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confusion effect |
can scatter and confuse the predator |
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mutualism |
altruism helps the animal itself and others also -ants help sick group member get immunity to disease |
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facultative altruism |
pay now get benefits later -fish help get to lay eggs on territory later
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reciprocal altruism |
help now get help later (opportunity for repayment) -must be able to recognize each other -long lived animals -stable social groups
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bio 390 front |
bio 390 back |
