Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Animal behavior |
internally coordinated, externally visible pattern of activity that responds to changing external or internal conditions |
|
|
|
formal description or inventory of an animal’s behaviors |
|
|
Anthropomorphism |
Attributing human motivations, characteristics, or emotions to animals |
|
|
|
Ability to evaluate scientific information critically and ascertain its validity |
|
|
Primary literature |
Original source of scientific information |
|
|
Peer review |
Editors of scientific journals use experts to help decide whether to accept or reject |
|
|
Secondary literature |
Report that summarizes and interprets the primary literature |
|
|
Proximate explanations |
Focus on understanding immediate causes of behavior |
|
|
|
Focus on understanding the ultimate (evolutionary) causes of a behavior |
|
|
Proximate questions about behavior |
What mechanism caused the behavior? |
|
|
Ultimate questions about behavior |
What is the function of the behavior? |
|
|
Focal animal sampling |
–random selection of one individual to be followed for a specific amount of time |
|
|
Instantaneous (scan) sampling |
– data collected from multiple individuals at regular time intervals |
|
|
|
Found in common ancestor of two or more species |
|
|
Derived (apomorphic) traits |
Found in more recently evolved species and not present in common ancestor |
|
|
|
Focuses on the ecology and evolution of behavior and its fitness consequences |
|
|
Cognitive ethology |
Seeks to understand how natural selection acts on mental processes and cognition |
|
|
Phylogeny |
Diagram showing evolutionary ancestor-descendant relationships among a set of organisms |
|
|
|
Encourages use of computer modeling, videotapes, or other approaches in place of actual research on animals in the laboratory |
|
|
Reduction |
Promotes limiting the number of animals subject to disturbance in research or teaching |
|
|
Refinement |
Involves improving procedures and techniques to minimize pain and stress for animals |
|
|
Adaptation |
A trait that enhances fitness |
|
|
Measuring fitness |
how many offspring and grandkids produced? |
|
|
Indirect fitness |
# of matings, body size, growth |
|
|
Evolution by natural selection |
favors behavioral adaptations that enhance fitness |
|
|
Evolution |
Changes in allele frequency in a population over time |
|
|
Directional selection |
Infer selection
Individuals in a population with an extreme trait will be highest fit |
|
|
Disruptive selection |
either side does okay
both ends of the spectrum have the highest fitness |
|
|
Stabilizing selection |
A situation in which individuals in a population with intermediate trait values have the highest fitness Middle does best |
|
|
Cost-benefit approach |
Identify costs and benefits of different traits to determine which trait confers the highest net benefit |
|
|
Individual selection |
Natural selection at the level of individuals |
|
|
Group selection |
Selection that favors particular groups of individuals over other such groups of the same species |
|
|
Kin selection |
Individuals can increase their fitness by helping close relatives |
|
|
Inclusive fitness |
Both individual fitness and the fitness gained by helping close relatives |
|
|
|
Selection on both groups and individuals |
|
|
Sexual selection |
Acts on heritable traits that affect reproduction |
|
|
Sexual dimorphism |
Morphological differences between the sexes |
|
|
hormones can cause |
Changes in cell metabolism Changes in DNA expression Promote cell division |
|
|
Hormones malfunction in production whether |
Growth |
|
|
Habituation |
Adjusting Reduction and then lack of response to a stimulus over time |
|
|
Environmental stimulus |
Anything in the environment (abiotic or biotic) that an individual can perceive |
|
|
Response |
Reaction to a stimulus |
|
|
Memory |
Retention of a learned experience |
|
|
|
Rapid learning that occurs in young animals during a short, intensive period and has long-lasting effects |
|
|
Cache |
Stored food |
|
|
|
Memory of a specific object, place, and time |
|
|
Stimulus-response association |
Making an association between an environmental stimulus and a behavioral response |
|
|
Classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning) |
Learning new associations between a stimulus and an innate or unlearned response |
|
|
Operant conditioning
|
trial-and-error learning |
|
|
Learning curve |
A decline in errors over time Signaler |
|
|
Sensory receptors |
nerve endings that respond to an internal or external environmental stimulus |
|
|
Chemoreceptor |
– detect chemical stimuli |
|
|
Olfaction |
Sense of smell |
|
|
Gustation |
Detection of dissolved chemicals |
|
|
Alarm calls |
Unique vocalizations produced when a predator is nearby |
|
|
signal Beneficial from signaler |
prevents them from being eaten |
|
|
adaptation beneficial to recipient |
they don’t eat something that tastes bad or makes them sick |
|
|
|
and receivers are selected for better discrimination abilities |
|
|
Mimicry |
Adaptive resemblance of one species (the mimic) to another (the model) |
|
|
Batesian mimicry |
A palatable mimic resembles an unpalatable model |
|
|
Aggressive mimicry |
Predator mimics a nonthreatening model |
|
|
Bystanders (eavesdroppers) |
A third-party individual that detects a signal transmitted between a signaler and a receiver |
|
|
Audience effect |
|
|
|
Visual predators find cryptic prey more effectively
|
by learning a search image |
|
|
Foragers maximize |
fitness by maximizing energy intake rate |
|
|
Cryptic coloration |
Body coloration that matches the color of the environment |
|
|
Behavioral trade-off |
Sacrificing one behavior for another |
|
|
Vigilance behavior |
Scanning the environment for predators |
|
|
Living in groups
|
can reduce predation risk |
|
|
Mobbing behavior |
harassment of a predator by multiple individuals |
|
|
Some animals interact with predators |
to deter attack |
|
|
Some animals “advertise” themselves |
to predators by stotting or tail flagging |
|
|
Pursuit-deterrence hypothesis |
Advertisement behavior informs a predator that it has lost the element of surprise so pursuit is not likely to be successful |
|
|
Alarm signal hypothesis |
Advertisement behavior warns conspecifics of a nearby predator |
|
|
Dispersal |
one way movement reduces competition and inbreeding.
|
|
|
Breeding dispersal |
abandoning one breeding site and moving to another |
|
|
site fidelity |
individual that remain at, return to, previous location |
|
|
Migration |
two way movement; dependent on individual condition |
|
|
Orientation |
determination and maintenance of a proper direction |
|
|
Navigation |
determining particular location and moving towards it |
|
|
|
sun for orientation |
|
|
star compass |
stars or constellations to orient |
|
|
geomagnetic compass |
orient using the earth's magnetic field |
|
|
Romanes |
Animals consciousness |
|
|
Darwin |
natural selection |
|
|
Morgan |
Simplest explanation |
|
|
washburne |
first female PhD |
|
|
Pavlov |
condition of responses |
|
|
skinner |
developed skinner's box |
|
|
lorenz |
imprinting |
|
|
thorndike |
puzzle box |
|
|
tinbergen |
fixed action patterns |
|
|
Name 5 glands |
-Adrenal –Pituitary –Thyroid –Pancreas –Gonads |
|
|
fixed action pattern |
A behavior that is completely genetically controlled that once begun must finish it's sequence |
|
|
sleep patterns in a number of prey species, is |
which one brain hemisphere reminas awake but quiet to be able to detect predators while the other half sleeps. |
|
|
Why is the study of culture often linked to learning? |
when studying behaviors that are learned many animals may reflect cultural transmission of knowledge. |
|
|
Vervets communicate 3 different alarm calls, what do they represent |
eagle - look up snake - stand up and look down leopard - climb a tree |
|
|
What are the two hypotheses typically used to explain dispersal? |
-Competition hypothesis
-Inbreeding avoidance hypothesis |
|
|
the Challenge hypothesis predicts a |
decrease in testosterone with a/n decrease in aggression during the parental care phase of a monogmous breeding cycl |
|
|
Tungara frogs are part of a complicated system of eavesdropping. Who is listening to who? |
-Frogs eavesdrop on each other - males listen to other males to assess predation risk
-Bats listen to frogs - choose the chucking males (also happen to be the big males) |
|
|
three of the assumptions of the ideal free distribution model |
-Individuals attempt to maximize fitness –Habitat locations differ in resources –Individuals are equal competitors |
|
|
What is the inherent difference between males and females? |
Males produce many small gametes with very little energetic demand, females produce few small gametes that are more energetically costly |
|
|
Define a promiscuous mating system |
Females mate with many males and males mate with many females |
|
|
What type of data has been used to differentiate social mating systems from genetic mating systems? |
paternity analysis |
|
|
Prolactin acts to increase maternal care but |
only if the brain has been primed by other pregnancy hormones |
|
|
If the clutch they secure is large they will invest in care which increases |
the survival of the infants. |
|
|
If the clutch is small they abandon the nest.. |
risking predation loss in order to secure a larger clutch |
|
|
alloparental care |
the care of offspring (carrying, feeding, and protection) by group members other than the father and mother |
|
|
What are the advantages and disadvantages of brood reduction? |
Pro: you have a spare in case something goes wrong
Con: you have invested in something that you will not keep |
|
|
Mobbing behavior |
harassment of a predator by multiple individuals |
|
|
Pursuit-deterrence hypothesis |
Advertisement behavior informs a predator that it has lost the element of surprise so pursuit is not likely to be successful |
|
|
Alarm signal hypothesis |
Advertisement behavior warns conspecifics of a nearby predator |
|
|
Resource availability and the presence of others |
influence habitat selection |
|
|
Individual condition and environmental factors affect territoriality |
The quality of the habitat The cost of defense |
|
|
Wingfield male-male interaction |
stimulate testerone production. |
|
|
HAwk-Dove Model The decisions of opponents and resource value affect |
fighting behavior (penguin) |
|
|
Bateman’s hypothesis and parental investment- The sex that has the greater investment in offspring production |
should be choosier when it comes to mates |
|
|
Monogomy |
One male associates and mates with one female |
|
|
polyandry |
1 female;1 more than male |
|
|
polygny- |
more than 1 female; 1 male |
|
|
Polygynandry
|
(also called plural breeding) Social associations are formed between multiple males and multiple females |
|
|
Promiscuity |
No bonding just multpile males and female |
|
|
Parental care involves fitness trade-offs: |
|
