Animal Behavior 3

Front 1

Monogamy

Back 1

One male mates with one female

Front 2

Polygamy

Back 2

Not Monogamy - divided into polyandry and polygyny

Front 3

Polyandry

Back 3

One female mates with many males

Front 4

Polygyny

Back 4

One male mates with many females

Front 5

EPC

Back 5

Extra-pair copulations: One male and one female live and raise kids together (social system), but either or both may be fertilizing/fertilized by other mates (genetic system)

Front 6

3 hypotheses for male monogamy

Back 6

1. Mate Guarding

2. Female-enforced

3. Mate assistance

Front 7

Mate guarding

Back 7

Form of male monogamy; male spends all his time guarding his female mate that he has no time to reproduce with others. Selected for when female can re-mate, but and male unlikely to find second mate

Front 8

Female enforced

Back 8

Form of male monogamy; female prevents male from mating with other females

Front 9

Mate-assistance

Back 9

Form of male monogamy; male rears offspring rather than female - spends time and energy that could be spent mating elsewhere

Front 10

Polyandry without polygyny

Back 10

Females have harem of males that all do parental care, may be due to extremely limited breeding territories

Front 11

Benefits of polyandry without polygyny

Back 11

Genetic - fertility insurance, good genes, genetic compatibility

Direct benefits - resources, parental care, protection

Front 12

Female defense polygyny

Back 12

Females cluster, and males try to control access

Front 13

Handicap logic

Back 13

If males can thrive with absurd handicap, they must have the best genes

Front 14

Direct benefits to female-choice sexual selection

Back 14

Resources, territory, parental care

Front 15

Indirect benefits to female-choice sexual selection

Back 15

Good genes

Front 16

Lek polygyny

Back 16

Aggregation of males for no other purpose than to display for females

Front 17

Lek hypothesis: Hotspot

Back 17

Males go where the families will also go

Front 18

Lek hypothesis: Hotshot

Back 18

Lesses males cluster around guys who attract females

Front 19

Lek hypothesis: female choice

Back 19

Females are more attracted to large groups, rather than individuals

Front 20

Scramble competition polygyny

Back 20

A free for all where males are constantly searching for accepting fertile females

Front 21

Polygyny threshold model

Back 21

The line between it being more beneficial for a female to mate with a polygynous male, and have access to a fraction of his resources/territory, or mate with a monogamous male and have access to his entire, lower quality territory

Front 22

Costs of parental care

Back 22

Time, energy, risk, future reproduction

Front 23

Parent-offspring conflict

Back 23

Offspring values itself 2x as much as parent does, thus demands more parental care than parent is willing to give

Front 24

Weaning conflict

Back 24

Offspring wants to keep getting care longer than mother wants to give it

Front 25

Kin recognition

Back 25

Recognizing your own genetic offspring amidst group living (think bats)

Front 26

Brood parasitism

Back 26

Exploiting the parental care of other species by employing deceptive signals that trigger parental care in hosts

Front 27

Why does host accept brood parasitism?

Back 27

Fooled by deceptive communication

Risk of rejecting own offspring

Costs of re-nesting too high - egg may be too big

Mafia enforcement

Front 28

Insurance hypothesis

Back 28

Explanation for producing more offspring than can be provided for - if one dies, there is another offspring as backup

Front 29

Eusociality

Back 29

Animal societies that have the following:

cooperative care for offspring;

Multiple generations living together;

Reproductive division of labor

Front 30

Reproductive division of labor

Back 30

Only one or a few individuals actually reproduce. Since most individuals don't reproduce, their behavior is selected to maximize indirect fitness

Front 31

Colony level reproductive success

Back 31

When individual genetic interests are aligned towards mass colony reproduction; specialization in workers - best result is producing new queens to start new colonies

Front 32

Imprinting

Back 32

A critical early period in offspring development where learned behavior is long lasting - can be used to recognize kin, mom, and dad

Front 33

Spatial memory

Back 33

Strong selective pressure to remember locations; Clark's Nutcracker

Front 34

Associative Learning

Back 34

Associate specific stimulus with physiological effects, but don't mix them up (e.g., taste with sickness, sound with pain, but not vice versa)

Front 35

Specialist foragers

Back 35

Foragers that only consume one single type of food (aren't prone to associate taste with sickness)

Front 36

Insight learning

Back 36

Figures out the solution from looking at the problem; NOT trial-by-error or imitation

Front 37

Culture

Back 37

Learned behavior passed on to others

Front 38

Five ways in which birds learn their song

Back 38

1. Bird must hear his species' song

2. Can distinguish it from other species' songs

3. Has a template to match - can't learn other species' songs

4. Must hear song during an early critical period

5. Must hear self sing to match learned songs from tutor