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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What features does something need to have to be considered an animal?
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Multicellular, Metabolism, Reproduction, Mobility
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Why study animal behavior?
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1. Conserve and protect endangered species/environment.
2. Understand actions of economically important predators, pests, parasites (farm, home, feral). 3. Understanding domesticated animals to better serve our own needs 4. Improve welfare of animals (zoos) |
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Ethology
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Greek
Ethos = character logia = study of |
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Feral
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once domesticated but gone wild
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How do we study animal behavior?
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through empirical approaches
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Empiricism
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Using one of five senses to observe and create a hypothesis
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Roots of animal behavior
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Aristotle - 10 volumes on natural history of animals
Darwin - natural selection / reproduction rates correlated with environment and also genetics Mendel - key principles of laws of inheritance Lamarck(ism) - animals pass traits to their offspring Watson - principal founder of school of behaviorism / environment makes animals behave a certain way Edward Thorndike - animals learn for + or - stimuli |
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Difference between animal behavior and ethology
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Ethology:
1. natural environment 2. more concerned with the ultimate causation (why) 3. originated in europe 4. descriptive Animal behavior: 1. controlled lab experiemnts 2. concerned with proximate causation (how) 3. quantitative |
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What are the two ways we ask "what causes behaviors?"
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1. proximate - how?
during an animals lifetime, immediate 2. ultimate - why? over generations, evolutionary |
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3 men who change the world of ethology (won nobel prize together for animal behavior)
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Niko Tinbergen
Konrad Lorenz Karl von Frisch |
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Konrad Lorenz
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Genetically programmed behavior (imprinting)
Releasing stimuli (specific types of stimulation for young animals during critical periods of early development) ex: stickleback fish - fighting behaviors when see color red |
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Niko Tinbergen
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Developed scheme with which modern ethology is founded in four areas of inquiry
1. causation (proximate) - what are the mechanisms? 2. development - how does it develop? 3. evolution - how does it evolve? 4. function of behavior - what is the purpose or survival value |
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behavior: why do wolves eat mice?
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causation: it is hungry
development: it's mother ate mice so it learned to eat mice from her evolution: animal flesh contains more protein and calories than plants, it's ancestors survived because they learned to kill and eat mice function: to build up strength and have babies |
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Karl von Frisch
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conducted research on animal sensory process and made important contributions to the study of bee communication
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Ethogram
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list of behaviors or a particular species
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Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)
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highly stereotyped behavior/response to a particular stimulus
the behavior must be: 1. stereotyped within an individual 2. steretyped across the species 3. must survive in an isolation experiment ex: duck rolling egg into nest. will roll anything if it doesn't look like an egg |
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sign stimulus releaser
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the actual stimulus that triggers a FAP
can be an object or signal from another animal |
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Proximate
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questions and answers based on issues that focus on the immediate causation of a trait
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Ultimate
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questions and answers that focus on the evolution of the trait
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dialect
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form of language that is known to a particular region
ex: birds have dialects because of 1. little genetic differences between birds 2. differences in birds environments 3. songbirds learn their songs |
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conspecific
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belonging to the same species
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DNA is
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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describe the cell
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DNA makes up chromosomes
chromosomes are in the nucleus of the cell DNA makes proteins - which makes up genes |
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Genes and example
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sections of DNA that have a particular function (CAN BE A BEHAVIORAL OR PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAIT)
ex: behavioral: parent is quiet so child is quiet physiological: eye color |
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chromosomes are
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a genetic blueprint
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how many chromosomes per parent?
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23 and they're both the same except the sex chromosome (xx = female, xy = male)
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zygote
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when chromosomes combine at conception
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meiosis
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process of cell division that yields cells with just 23 chromosomes
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how many genes per trait does an animal have
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two (one from mother, one from father)
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homozygous
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animal gets two of the same gene
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heterozygous
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animal gets two of the different gene
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sex linked genes are
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on the x chromosome such as color vision
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genotype
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genetic makeup of a cell, organism, or individual
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phenotype
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organisms observable characteristics
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dominant gene
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gene that masks other gene's effects
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recessive gene
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gene that is expressed only in the absence of a dominant gene
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evolution
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change in the frequencies of different traits (produced by genes) in a population or species over the course of generations
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sexual reproduction
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is recombination (crossing over of chromosome pieces)
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causes of evolution
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1. gene flow (more brown guys enter population)
2. genetic drift - chance changes in breeding success (predator eats the more easily seen beetles) 3. bottleneck effect 4. founder effect - new populations is founded by only a small number of individuals |
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fitness
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number of offspring an individual can be expect to produce/help based on phenotype and genotype
mule = 0% fitness (from a horse and a donkey mating) |
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medial
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inside
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lateral
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outside
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dorsal
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top
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anterior
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front
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posterior
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back (towards tail)
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ventral
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towards belly
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nervous system
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a communication network consisting of nerve cells, both inside and outside of the brain and spinal cord (BOTH ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL)
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CNS
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Central Nervous System
Brain & Spinal cord |
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PNS
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Peripheral Nervous System
Located outside of skull and spine (nerves in the rest of your body) Serves to bring information into the CNS and carry signals out of the CNS |
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brain
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receives and sends information
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spinal cord
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extension of brain
collection of neurons and supportive tissue running from base of brain down the center of the back produces some reflexes protected by spinal column |
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PNS divided into
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somatic nervous system (voluntary muscles)
afferent nerves (sensory, going toward brain) efferent nerves (motor, going away from brain) autonomic nervous system (involuntary functions ex: digestion) |
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autonomic nervous system divided into
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sympathetic nervous system - go (fight or flight, energy output to mobilize body)
parasympathetic nervous system - stop (conserve energy) |
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cerebrum
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motor coordination of voluntary muscle movements & sensory perception and integration
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thalamus
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integrates sensory information
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hypothalamus
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homeostasis, memory
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cerebellum
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equilibrium, balance, muscle memory
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pons
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links cerebellum with other brain centers
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medulla
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regulates heart rate
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pituitary gland
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endocrine system
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neurons
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specialized cells for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals
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soma
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cell body (keeps neuron alive)
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dendrites
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receives neurotransmitters (messages from adjacent cells to pass on to other cells).
antennas of neuron and branch in a tree-like fashion |
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axon
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transmits action potentials (long stem leading to where the message is being delivered)
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terminal buttons
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secret neutransmitters
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myelin sheath
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structural support and insulation
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synapse
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junction where chemical information is transmitted (between neurons)
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intercellular communication
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between neurons
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intracellular communication
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within the neuron
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membrane potential
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difference in electrical charge between inside (-) and outside (+) of the cell
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neurotransmitter
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chemical substance released by transmitting neuron at synapse and capable of affecting the activity of receiving neuron.
receptors are specific for a given neurotransmitter "lock & key" |
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two basic functions of neurotransmitter
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excitation - go
inhibition - stop |
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action potential
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when enough ions transfer over the membrane wall
electricity when threshold is reached, neuron fires pushes out nt's to bind to next neuron electrical > chemical > electrical |
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sensation
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process of transducing stimuli into action potentials
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photoreceptors
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eyes - light
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chemoreceptors
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nose, mouth - taste and smell
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mechanoreceptors
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skin, in ears - touch, pressure, sound, stretching
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thermoreceptors
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skin - temperature
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nocireceptors
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skin - pain
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electrireceptor
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electric currents
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homunculus
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visual representation of how much brain is devoted to parts of the body
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