Animal Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal System

Front 1

The framework of bones that supports and protects the soft tissues of the body.

Back 1

Skeleton

Front 2

os and osteo refers to what?

Back 2

bone

Front 3

What is the hardest substance in the body?

Back 3

enamel

Front 4

what is the second hardest substance in the body?

Back 4

bone

Front 5

What is composed of a sparse population of cells embedded in a hard intercellular substance called the matrix?

Back 5

bone

Front 6

The cells that produce bone?

Back 6

osteoblasts

Front 7

What does osteoblasts secrete?

Back 7

the matrix

Front 8

What is initially soft and composed of collagen fibers embedded in a gelatin-like ground substance made of protein and complex carbohydrates?

Back 8

the matrix that is secreted by osteoblasts.

Front 9

What is the process called when osteoblasts harden the matrix?

Back 9

ossification

Front 10

During ossification, what inflitrates the matrix that gives the bone its characterstic hardness?

Back 10

calcium and phosphorous

Front 11

During ossification, areas of bone are created which surround the osteoblasts. They become trapped in the spaces in the ossified matrix. Once surrounded what do the osteoblasts become or turn into?

Back 11

osteocytes or bone cells

Front 12

what are bone cells?

Back 12

osteocytes

Front 13

what are the five functions of bones?

Back 13

1.support the animal body

2.protect vital organs and tissues

3.Act as levers for the skeletal muscles to move the body

4.storage site for m inerals, particularly calcium

5.site for blood cell formation (marrow)

Front 14

where is the site for blood cell formation?

Back 14

marrow which is the shaft of long bones

Front 15

what are the two main types of bone?

Back 15

cancellous bone and compact bone

Front 16

what is also called spongy bone?

Back 16

cancellous bone

Front 17

Which type of bone consists of tiny spicules of bone that appear randomly arranged with lots of spaces between them?

Back 17

cancellous bone

Front 18

which type of bone is light but amazingly strong and helps reduce the weight of the bones of the skeleton?

Back 18

cancellous bone

Front 19

which type of bone is very heavy, dense, and strong. Makes up the shafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones?

Back 19

compact bone

Front 20

which type of bone if composed of tiny, tightly compacted cylinders of bone called haversian systems?

Back 20

compact bone

Front 21

runs lengthwise to the bone and consists of a multilayered or laminated cylinder composed of concentric layers of ossified bone matrix arranged around a central haversian canal?

Back 21

haversian system

Front 22

contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves that supply the osteocytes

Back 22

haversian canal

Front 23

The outer surfaces of bones are covered by a membrane called?

Back 23

periosteum

Front 24

Which layer of the periosteum is composed of fibrous tissue?

Back 24

outer

Front 25

which layer of the periosteum contains bone forming cells that enables bones to increase in diameter?

Back 25

inner

Front 26

what is the name of the membrane that lines the hollow interior surfaces of the bones and contains osteoblasts?

Back 26

endosteum

Front 27

what are the three types of cells that make up bones?

Back 27

osteoblast, osteocytes, and osteoclast

Front 28

what type of cell is an immature bone cell that produces bonematrix known as osteiod?

Back 28

osteoblasts

Front 29

what type of bone cell is mature and each cell occupies a lacunae in bone?

Back 29

osteocytes

Front 30

what type of bone cell is very large, multinucleated cells that are capable of dissolving bone matrix and releasing minerals?

Back 30

osteoclasts

Front 31

what is the name of the process of osteoclasts dissolving bone matrix and releasing minerals?

Back 31

osteolysis or resorption

Front 32

where does the blood supply for bones come from?

Back 32

countless tiny blood vessels that penetrate in from the periosteum

Front 33

Bones blood supply comes from tiny vessels that pass through a tiny canal in the bone matrix called?

Back 33

volkmann's canals

Front 34

Large blood vessels, along with lymph vessels and nerves, also enter many large bones- especially long bones- through a large channels called?

Back 34

nutrient foramina

Front 35

what is the purpose of nutrient formina (large blood vessels)?

Back 35

carry blood into and out of the bone marrow

Front 36

what are the two mechanisms that forms bone?

Back 36

grows and replaces cartilage model or develops fibrous tissue membranes

Front 37

most bone in the body is developed by?

Back 37

endochondral bone formation

Front 38

Which method of bone formation is this, the body first creates a cartilage template that is then replaced by bone

Back 38

endochondral bone formation

Front 39

which method of bone formation relies on developing fibrous tissue membranes?

Back 39

intramembranous or membrane bone formation

Front 40

in long bone, such as the femur, bone begins developing in the shaft or diaphysis of the cartilage rod in what is called?

Back 40

the primary growth center

Front 41

during bone formation, what is removed gradually as bone is created and the growth center expands?

Back 41

cartilage

Front 42

where are the additional growth centers (secondary growth centers) that form bone?

Back 42

epiphysis of the bone

Front 43

Where are the two areas of a long bone that remain as cartilage when an animal is born also know as the epiphyseal plates?

Back 43

bewteen the shaft (diaphysis) of the bone and the ends (epiphysis of the bone)

Front 44

They are the sites where the creation of new bone allows the long bones to lengthen as the animal grows

Back 44

growth plates

Front 45

which method of bone formation only occurs in the skull bone when bone forms in the fibrous tissue membranes that cover the brain in the developing fetus?

Back 45

intramembranous bone formation

Front 46

what are the four basic bone shapes?

Back 46

long, short, flat, and irregular

Front 47

What type of bone is relatively longer than short and their main functions are: act as levers, support, locomotion, and prehension?

Back 47

long bones

Front 48

what type of bone are small cubes, consist of a core of spongy bone, and help to absorb concussion?

Back 48

short bones

Front 49

what type of bones are relatively thing and flat, their structure is like a cancellous bone sandwhich between compact bone, and have a protective function?

Back 49

flat bones

Front 50

What type of bones do not fit into long, short, or flat. They are small short bones that are attached to tendons, and they help to reduce friction along a joint?

Back 50

irregular

Front 51

The femur, tibia, and fibula are all examples of what type of bone?

Back 51

long

Front 52

carpals and tarsals are all examples of what type of bone?

Back 52

short

Front 53

skull bones are examples of what type of bone?

Back 53

flat

Front 54

sesamoids and patella are examples of what type of bone?

Back 54

irregular

Front 55

what common bone feature is usually large, round articular surface?

Back 55

condyle

Front 56

what common bone feature is located in the distal end of the humerus and femur and on the occipital bone of the skull where the skull joins the spinal column to attach the head to the neck

Back 56

condyle

Front 57

what common bone feature is somewaht spherical articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone?

Back 57

head

Front 58

what common bone feature is found on the proximal end of the humerus, femur, and rib?

Back 58

head