Animal A And P Part 2

Front 1

When a neuron has been stimulated, how is the nerve impulse created?

Back 1

Sodium goes inside the cell, changing the outside charge to negative, turning on the reaction.

Front 2

After the nerve impulse has been sent through the neuron, how is it turned off (repolarization)?

Back 2

Potassium goes outside the cell making the outside charge positive, turning off the reaction.

Front 3

Nerve impulse follows through the 3 parts of a neuron, which are?

Back 3

Dendrite, Cell body, and axon.

Front 4

How is a nerve impulse transmitted across the synapse between 2 neurons?

Back 4

Neurotransmitter

Front 5

How is the action potential transmitted along the length of a neuron insulated by a myelin sheath?

Back 5

Jumps from one node to another between sections of axon.

Front 6

What happens when a peptide hormone reaches a target cell?

Back 6

Attaches to a receptor protein in the plasma membrane and the protein changes shape to initiate chemical reaction inside the cell.

Front 7

What happens when a steroid hormone reaches a target cell?

Back 7

Attaches to a receptor protein in the cytoplasm, which initiates transcription of a gene.

Front 8

Diaphragm

Back 8

Contracts and chest expands.

Front 9

What are the three functions of respiratory passageways (nasal cavity)?

Back 9

1. Clean air

2. Moisten air

3. Warm air

Front 10

Pharynx

Back 10

Membrane lined cavity behind the nose and throat, connecting to the esophagus. Soft palette and epiglottis.

Front 11

Larynx

Back 11

Vocal cords. Passageways for air, vibration of membrane allows us to speak.

Front 12

Human Respiratory System

Back 12

1. Diaphragm

2. Nasal Cavity

3. Pharynx

4. Larynx

5. Trachea

6. Bronchi

7. Bronchioles

8. Alveoli

Front 13

Trachea

Back 13

Rings of cartilage. Cilia keeps mucus from moving down further.

Front 14

Bronchi

Back 14

Trachea splits in 2.

Front 15

Bronchioles

Back 15

Little bronchi, branch off bronchi.

Front 16

Alveoli

Back 16

Sacs within our lungs that allows oxygen and co2 to move between the lungs and blood stream. Weird shape to increase surface area.

Front 17

Hemoglobin

Back 17

1. 4 polypeptides (quartenary protein structure.

2. 4 irons--each iron can hold one o2.

3. O2--at low energy levels only one o2 is released, higher energy levels 2-4 can.

4. CO--Takes place of o2 and attaches to hemoglobin.

5. CO2--transported in our blood, doesn't attach to hemoglobin.

Front 18

Asthma

Back 18

Muscles around airways contract. Air cannot get in alveolis, which causes it to collapse.Buildup of mucus in bronchial tube and it can be similar to allergies.

Front 19

Countercurrent flow (fish gills)

Back 19

More diffusion occurs, the blood and water go in opposite directions.

Front 20

Avian respiratory sytem

Back 20

Inhalation

-O2 goes into the lungs and posterior air sacs.

-Low O2 moves from lungs to anterior air sacs.

Exhalation

-O2 moves from posterior air sacs to lungs.

-Low O2 is exhaled.

-One-way flow of air allows for fresh air every time.

Front 21

Digestive System

Back 21

1. Mouth

2. Pharynx

3. Esophagus

4. Small Intestine

5. Small Intestine

6. Large Intestine

Front 22

Mouth

Back 22

Produces digestive enzymes. Teeth and saliva (digestive enzyme).

Front 23

Pharynx(digestion)

Back 23

Back of throat and no digestive enzymes.

Front 24

Soft palette and epiglotis

Back 24

Soft palette--fleshy, flexible part toward the back of the roof of the mouth.

epiglottis--Flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue; depressed during swallowing to cover the windpipe.

Front 25

Esophagus

Back 25

Passageway to the stomach; no digestive enzymes. Peristalsis starts (involuntary smooth muscle contraction, wave like vibrations).

Front 26

Sphincters

Back 26

Contracts and closes stomach. Bands of smooth muscle.

Front 27

2 functions of stomach acid

Back 27

-Enzymes only work at low phs

-blocks the growth of microorganisms.

Front 28

Mucus

Back 28

Protects stomach from the acid.

Front 29

Heartburn (acid reflux)

Back 29

Sphincter isn't working well and burns the esophagus because there's no mucus.

Front 30

Gastric (stomach) ulcer

Back 30

The mucus isn't doing the job (not coating the stomach) so that causes a hole in the stomach.

Front 31

2 basic functions of the small intestine

Back 31

Digestion and nutrient absorption

Front 32

What are the three segments of the small intestine?

Back 32

1. Duodenum

2. Jejunum

3. Illeum

Front 33

Duodenum

Back 33

-Digestive enzymes and mucus

-Pancreas--digestive enzymes and bicarbonate buffer to neutralize stomach acid and quirts into duodenum.

-Liver--Bile salts-breaks up fat globules, and gall bladder--bile is stored.

Front 34

Jejunum

Back 34

No mucus

Large villi

nutrient absorption

Front 35

Illeum

Back 35

No mucus

Peyer's Patch--high concentration of lymph tissue.

Front 36

Large Intestine

Back 36

Colon and Rectum

Front 37

Colon

Back 37

Absorption of water, salts, and fat-soluble vitamins. Salt is transported out. Osmosis.

Laxatives and Dietary Fiber

Front 38

Bacteria (colon)

Back 38

Absorb vitamins because of bacteria.

Front 39

Rectum

Back 39

Holds waste, little absorption, and no villi.

Front 40

Anus

Back 40

Anal sphincter.Striated muscle, somewhat voluntary.

Front 41

Myelin Sheath

Back 41

Insulating covering that surrounds an axon.

Front 42

Central Nervous System

Back 42

Controls activities of the body. Brain and spinal cord.

Cerebrum--Largest part of the brain.

Cerebral Cortex--Most of the informational processing takes place here.

Front 43

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 43

Somatic (voluntary)

Autonomic (involuntary)

Motor pathways away from the brain.

Front 44

Resting membrane potential

Back 44

Sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions outside of cell and potassium ions into the cell.

Membrane is polarized (inside-negative, outside-positive).

Front 45

Action Potential

Back 45

Disturbance to membrane triggers opening of sodium channels in cell membrane.

Sodium diffuses into cell, reversing polarity

Front 46

Repolarization

Back 46

Potassium diffuses out of the cell through membrane transport proteins, restoring original polarity.

Front 47

Salutory conduction

Back 47

Action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next node between sections of axon.

Front 48

Neural Pathway

Back 48

1. Receptor--transmits a signal to a sensory nerve.

2. Sensory Neuron--converting stimuli

Synapse and neurotransmitter--chemical messenger between two neurons.

3.CNS neurons

Synapse

4. Motor neuron

5. Muscle, organ, etc.

Front 49

Steroid hormones

Back 49

Hormone enters target cell. Attaches to receptor protein in cytoplasm or nucleus. Hormone and receptor initiate transcription.

Front 50

Peptide hormones

Back 50

Hormone attaches to receptor protein in plasma membrane. Receptor protein changes shape and initiates chemical reactions within a cell.

Front 51

Regulation of some hormones

Back 51

Hypothalamus (brain)

Pituitary gland--next to hypothalamus and releases hormone into blood.

Front 52

Insulin,Glucagon(pancreas)

Back 52

Insulin decreases blood sugar. Glucaogn causes blood sugar to go up.

Front 53

Diabetes

Back 53

Type 1--Autoimmune. Insulin producing cells in pancreas. Shows up when younger. Causes low level of insulin.

Type 2--Low number of insulin receptor proteins.

Front 54

Sex hormones

Back 54

Estrogen

Progesterone

Testosterone

Pituitary hormones

Front 55

Estrogen

Back 55

Stimulates reproduction and maintenance of reproductive system.

Front 56

Progesterone

Back 56

Prepares and maintains uterus for the development of an embryo.

Front 57

Testosterone

Back 57

Develops and maintains male reproductive system.

Front 58

Anabolic Steroids

Back 58

Synthetic hormones that mimic testosterone. Increase ATP production

Front 59

Pituitary hormones

Back 59

Regulate functions of endocrine glands. Receives signal from hypothalamus.

Front 60

General functions of the kidneys

Back 60

Water-salt balance (osmotic balance).

Acid-base balance (bicarbonate)

Nitrogenous waste removal

-Ammonia (toxic product)

-Urea (excreted in urine).

-Uric acid (reptiles, non-toxic and takes more ATP).

Front 61

Nephron function

Back 61

1. Pressure Filtration--blood pressure forces and water and small molecules out of the capillaries.

2. Selective Reabsorption--

3. Water--salt reabsorption in the Loop of Henle

4. Secretion (H moving into nephron).

5. Collecting duct water reabsorption--sends waste to bladder.

-ADH--alcohol shuts down this production. Reabsorps more water, dehydrated.

Front 62

Urinary bladder

Back 62

Sac that collects urine from kidneys.

Front 63

Internal fertilization

Back 63

Joining of two gametes(haploid cells). Inside the body, vertebrates must develop in water.

Front 64

Ovaries

Back 64

Contain follicles--surround the oocyte.

Oocyte--undergoes meoisis to become ovum (eggs).

Front 65

Fallopian tubes

Back 65

Oviducts, where conception occurs.

Front 66

Uterus

Back 66

Implantation on uteran wall creates placenta.

Front 67

Fertilized egg

Back 67

zygote