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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the leading cause of death of all crdiovascular diseases?
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Myocardial Infarction (MI).
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What is the disease process of CAD?
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Plaque formation, artheromatous deposits and coronary occlusions.
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What is the pathway of the conduction system of the heart?
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1.Initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node.
2.AV node. 3.Bundle of His 4.Left and right bundle branches. |
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What are some risk factors for CAD?
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Age, gender, race, and genetic inheritance.
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How does increased age help with CAD?
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Because of colateral circulation.
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What are some modifiable risk factors for CAD?
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Elevated serum lipids, HTN, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, stress, glucose intolerance, alcohol, homocysteine levels.
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How is homocysteine levels linked to CAD?
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Increased levels are linked to CAD.
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What is homocysteine?
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An amino acid found in protein.
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What is ishcemia?
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A temporary lack of blood supply.
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What is angina?
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Pain caused by a temporary lack of oxygen rich blood to heart muscles.
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What is myocardial infarction?
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Irreversible ischemia and necrosis of myocardium due to insufficient blood supply.
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Is ischemia reversible?
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Yes.
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How long can cardiac cells withstand ischemic conditions before necrosis occurs?
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20 min.
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What is the ischemic area?
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A reversible area if oxygenation is quickly restored.
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What is coronary collateral circulation?
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A network ofanastomotic channels which are present at birth. With increased pressure gradient they become functional.
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Does coronary collateral cirulation prevent necrosis?
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No.
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Which area of the heart is most involved with infarcts?
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The left ventricle.
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If the right coronary artery is occluded what type of infarct is it?
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*Inferior MI
*Diaphragmatic MI |
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If the left anterior descending artery is occluded what type of infarct is it?
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Anterior MI
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If the left main coronary artery is occluded what type of infarct is it?
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Anterior MI.
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When does cardiac troponin I begin to rise after an MI?
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3-12 hours.
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How long does it take cardiac troponin I to return to normal levels?
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5-14 days.
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What is the normal range for cardiac troponin ?
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0-1.9.
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What is a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)?
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A balloon is inflated to crush the plaque.
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What is a stent placement?
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A balloon is placed inside a wire mesh. The ballon is inflate and pushes the mesh into the artery wall. The balloon is removed and the mesh remains.
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What are some drugs used in treating CAD?
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Antiplatelet agents, nitrates, nitorglycerin, beta-adrenergic blockers, and calcium channel blockers.
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What are nitrates?
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Vasodilators.
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What does nitroglycerin do?
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Relieves the pain.
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What groups may not experience the common s/s related to MI?
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Women, elderly, and patients with diabetes.
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List some descriptions of angina.
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Deep, often buring, aggrevated by effort, believed by rest or nitroglcerine, pain may or may not radiate, pain is brief.
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List some descriptions of MI.
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Constant chest pain for 30 min or more, diaphoresis, nausea, dyspnea, arrythmias.
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What may indicate pericarditis?
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A history of MI and chest pain the is worse on inspiration but relieved by sitting forward.
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What are the different types of angina?
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Stable angina, unstable, variant angina, nocturnal angina.
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Which type of angina occurs at rest?
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Variant.
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What are some common physical symptoms of MI?
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Anxious, restless,diaphoresis, jugular vein distention, BP and HR slightly increased.
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What are the most common symptoms of vascular disorder?
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SOB, chest discomfort, palpitation.
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What is the priority of nursing interventions regarding vascular disorder?
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Decrease cardiac workload, decrease preload and afterload.
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List some nursing interventions for MI.
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Evaluate chest pain, pain relief, watch for dysrhythmias, decrease the workload of the heart.
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Which drugs help in decreasing the workload of the heart?
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Beta-blockers and ACE.
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What is necessary for emergency intervention?
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M-morphine
O-oxygen N-nitroglycerin A-aspirin |
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What is the purpose of CABG?
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To provide blood flow beyond the occluded vessel.
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