Anesthetics

Front 1

Anesthesia is used to produce a controlled loss of sensation after a diagnostic/ surgical procedure. TRUE or FALSE.

Back 1

False. It's used DURING not after the procedure.

Front 2

What agents are used to depress the CNS, which in turn depresses the conscious, loss of responsiveness to sensory stimulation, or muscle relaxation?

Back 2

Anesthetics

Front 3

List the 4 types of anesthesia.

Back 3

General, local, regional, & MAC.

Front 4

What type of anesthesia is used for analgesia, relaxation, hypnosis, amnesia, & absent reflexes?

Back 4

General anesthetics

Front 5

No single drug can safely accomplish the general purposes of General anesthetics. TRUE or FALSE.

Back 5

True

Front 6

What is balanced anesthesia?

Back 6

Combination of medications to produce general anesthesia.

Front 7

What are the 2 main categories of General anesthetics?

Back 7

Inhaled & injectable anesthetics

Front 8

List the common drugs used to achieve balanced anesthesia.

Back 8

The use of a variety of agents such as:
1. sedative-hypnotic
2. antianxiety
3. analgesic
4. antiemitic
5. anticholinergic

Front 9

What are the 3 uses for Opioid analgesics?

Back 9

1. Anesthesia induction
2. pain prevention
3. pain relief

Front 10

What are the 5 Adjunctive Anesthetic agents used?

Back 10

1. Opioid analgesics
2. Benzodiazepines
3. Anticholinergics
4. Sedative-hypnotics
5. Neuromuscular blocking agents

Front 11

What are the 2 uses for Benzodiazepines?

Back 11

Amnesia & anxiety (AA)

Front 12

What are anticholinergics used for preoperatively?

Back 12

To dry up excessive secretions.

Front 13

What are the 2 uses for sedative-hypnotics?

Back 13

Amnesia & sedation (AS)

Front 14

What are neuromuscular blocking agents used for?

Back 14

Muscle relaxation & allow reduced amounts of anesthetic agent.

Front 15

List the drug prototype for Barbiturates in general anesthetic agents?

Back 15

thiopental sodium (Pentothal)

Front 16

What is the IV onset & duration of the drug prototype Pentothal?

Back 16

IV onset is 1 minute and duration is 20-30 minutes.

Front 17

What Barbiturate drug is Emergence Delirium one of the adverse effects?

Back 17

thiopental sodium (Pentothal)

Front 18

What is the drug prototype of the group "miscellaneous" IV general anesthetics?

Back 18

ketamine (Ketalar)

Front 19

What is the MOA of Ketalar?

Back 19

It interrupts the brain pathways prior to producing somesthetic sensory blockade & depresses function in the RAS (reticular activating system) & limbic system.

Front 20

What are Inhalation General Anesthetic agents used for?

Back 20

To rapidly produce loss of consciousness & total analgesia.

Front 21

In what 2 forms are Inhaled General Anesthetics supplied as?

Back 21

Gases & volatile liquids

Front 22

The potency of inhalation anesthetics is described by the _____ _____ _____?

Back 22

Minimum alveolar concentration

Front 23

What is minimum alveolar concentration?

Back 23

The concentration of drug vapor in the alveoli that prevents a motor response in 50% of subjects when exposed to a painful stimulus.

Front 24

What does a low value of minimum alveolar concentration indicate?

Back 24

A very small amount of anesthetic is needed to immobilize the pt.

Front 25

Inhalation anesthetics have low minimum alveolar concentration and therefore are very potent, with what exception?

Back 25

Nitrous oxide

Front 26

Nitrous oxide is a low-potency anesthetic with a high minimum alveolar concentration value. TRUE or FALSE

Back 26

True

Front 27

What are the 3 indications for General Anesthetics?

Back 27

1. To produce unconsciousness
2. skeletal muscle relaxation
3. visceral smooth muscle relaxation for surgery

Front 28

MYOCARDIAL DEPRESSION is an unusual side effect of General Anesthetics. TRUE or FALSE.

Back 28

False. It is a COMMON side effect.

Front 29

What are volatile liquid general anesthetic agents used for?

Back 29

To induce & maintain deep anesthesia.

Front 30

Name the drug prototype for volatile liquid general anesthetics?

Back 30

isoflurane (Forane)

Front 31

What is the MOA of isoflurane (Forane)?

Back 31

Sensitize the heart (myocardium) to the action of NE & epinephrine; depresses the CNS (cardiovascular & pulmonary function).

Front 32

What drug class causes a loss of sensation in limited areas of the body?

Back 32

Local/ regional anesthetics

Front 33

What is the advantage of local anesthesia?

Back 33

Provides pain relief without causing CNS & respiratory system depression.

Front 34

Name the 5 techniques used to deliver local/ regional anesthesia.

Back 34

1. surface anesthesia
2. infiltration anesthesia
3. nerve block
4. epidural anesthesia
5. spinal anesthesia

Front 35

What kind of local anesthetic involves applying a cream, lotion, ointment, spray or drop to traumatized skin to relieve pain?

Back 35

Surface anesthesia

Front 36

Which local anesthetic is injected to contact the nerve endings in the area & prevents them from transmitting nerve impulses to the brain?

Back 36

Infiltration anesthesia

Front 37

What local anesthetic is used in c-sections?

Back 37

Spinal anesthesia

Front 38

What is the drug prototype for local anesthetics?

Back 38

lidocaine (Anestacon, Dilocaine, Xyolcaine, others)

Front 39

Lidocaine is available in different strengths & concentrations with epinephrine. Why would it come with epinephrine?

Back 39

Epinephrine reduces blood loss from minor surgery bc of its vasoconstrictive properties & reduces systemic absorption of lidocaine.

Front 40

Adjunctive medications are those used to enhance anesthesia or to make the procedure safer & less unpleasant for pts. TRUE or FALSE.

Back 40

True

Front 41

List the 3 preoperative adjunctive agents used.

Back 41

1. Benzodiazepines
2. Histamine (H2) receptor antagonist
3. Anticholinergic drugs

Front 42

Why are anticholinergic drugs such as atropine administered prior to surgery?

Back 42

To reduce salivary & airway secretions; it blocks bradycardia caused by some anesthetics.

Front 43

What adjunctive agents are used for pain management?

Back 43

1. Opioids
2. NSAIDs
3. Centrally acting alpha2-adrenergic agonist

Front 44

What is the centrally acting alpha2-adrenergic agonist drug used in pain management?

Back 44

clonidine (Catapres, Duraclon)

Front 45

Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are used in surgery require artificial mechanical ventilation because?

Back 45

They paralyze respiratory & skeletal muscles. The pt is unable to breathe.

Front 46

What are antiemetic drugs used postoperatively?

Back 46

Used for prophylaxis in high risk pts or for treatment.

Front 47

List the 3 antiemetic drugs used postoperatively.

Back 47

1. promethazine (Phenergan)
2. ondansteron (Zofran)
3. metoclopramide (Reglan)