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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anesthetic Agent |
Any drug used to induce a loss of sensation with or without unconsciousness |
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Adjunct |
A drug that is not a true anesthetic, but that is used during anesthesia to produce other desired effects such as sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia, reversal, neuromuscular blockade, or parasympathetic blockade. |
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Parasympathetic Blockade |
The blocking of the part of the involuntary nervous system that serves to slow the heart rate |
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Classification of Anesthetic Agents and Adjuncts |
Route of administration Time of administration Principal effect Chemistry |
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Preanesthetic |
Drugs given before general anesthesia |
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Induction |
Drugs used to induce general anesthesia (cause loss of consciousness) |
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Maintenance |
Drugs used to maintain general anesthesia (keep them asleep) |
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What are examples of principal effects? |
Local vs general Sedatives and tranquilizers vs analgesics Reversal agents |
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Pharmacokinetics |
The effect the body has on a drug |
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Pharmacodynamics |
The effects a drug has on the body |
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Most common target for anesthetics is the... |
CNS |
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What is the drug distribution? |
Most drugs are delivered throughout the body in the bloodstream |
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Agonists |
Bind to and stimulate target tissue Most anesthetic agents and adjuncts are classified as Agonists |
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Antagonists |
Bind to target tissue Does NOT stimulate target tissue "Reversal Agents" |
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What do reversal agents do? |
They reverse the effects of agonists |
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Analgesia |
Most general anesthetics are not analgesics, but provide analgesia because no pain is perceived while an animal is anesthetized |
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True analgesics DON'T provide... |
General anesthesia Given pre-op and post-op periods to provide pain relief to patients Example morphine |
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What two drugs form a precipitate that is safe to use? |
Diazepam (valium) and Ketamine |
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What do preanesthetic medications do? |
Calm or sedate excited animals Minimize adverse drug effects Reduce doses of concurrent drugs Smoother anesthetic induction and recovery Reduces amount of induction agents Analgesia Muscle relaxation |
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Subcutaneous injection |
Slowest onset, longest duration 30 minutes to onset |
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Intramuscular injection |
Faster onset, shorter duration 15-20 minutes to onset Most common |
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Intravenous injection |
Fastest onset, shortest duration Seconds to minutes to onset |
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Anticholinergics |
Aka parasympathetic drugs Prevent and treat bradycardia Decrease salivary secretion |
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Atropine |
Anticholinergic Faster onset, shorter peak, shorter duration Lasts 60-90 minutes used for emergency situations Used to treat bradycardia at moderate doses |
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Glycopyrrolate |
Anticholinergic Slower onset, longer peak, longer duration Lasts 2-3 hours |
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Anticholinergic Effects |
Cardiovascular system Prevent bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias Respiratory system Decrease secretions May thicken respiratory and salivary secretions GI tract Intestinal peristalsis inhibition Misc. Eyes-mydriasis and corneal drying |
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What are the four tranquilizers and sedatives? |
Phenothiazines Benzodiazepines Alpha2 - adrenoceptor agonists Alpha2 - antagonists (reverses) |
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Opioids are... |
Analgesics |
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Phenothiazines |
Aka Acepromazine Preanesthetic sedation Helps ease recovery Metabolized in liver (no old patients) NO REVERSAL AGENT not an analgesic only causes sedation |
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Acepromazine CNS effects |
Sedation Decrease anxiety Adverse effects are HUGE Reduce seizure threshold Aggression or excitement (not common) |
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Acepromazine Cardiovascular Effects |
Protects against arrhythmias Adverse effects Peripheral vasodilation Hypotension (dose dependent) |
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Acepromazine Repiratory and GI effects |
Adverse effect Worsens the respiratory depressive effects of other drugs Antiemetic |
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Acepromazine miscellaneous effects |
Prevents histamine release and decreased allergic response Adverse effects Penile prolapse in stallions Needle placement(if injected in an artery will cause death) Increased potency and duration Breed considerations |
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Benzodiazepines |
Tranquilizers- controlled substances Diazepam CIV (valium) and Midazolam CIV Rapid onset of action (about 15 min) Shortest duration 1-4 hours Called "Minor tranquilizers" High margin of safety Not an effective sedative or analgesic SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXATION |
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Adverse effects of Benzodiazepines |
CNS Disorientation and excitement (young healthy dogs) Dysphoria and aggression (cats) Muscle fasciculation (horses) Ataxia and recumbency (large animals) |
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Oral diazepam in cats |
Can cause liver failure within 5-11 days of starting treatment |
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Uses of Diazepam |
Not water soluble Don't mix with water soluble drugs except ketamine Light sensitive Administered IV slowly |
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Midazolam |
(Benzodiazepines) Water soluble Can be administered IM or SC Excellent tranquilizers for swine, ferrets, rabbits, and birds Used with ketamine to induce anesthesia |
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What are the four Alpha2 - Adrenoceptor Agonists |
Xylazine (rompun, anased) Romifidine (sedivet) Dexmedetomidine (dexdomitor) Detomidine (dormosedan) |
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Alpha2 - Adrenoceptor Agonists |
No schedule Sedative Rapid sedation, short acting analgesia, and muscle relaxation (lasts 1-2 hours) No fight or flight response Readily reversed with alpha 2 antagonist Metabolized in liver excreted in urine |
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Adverse effects of Alpha2 Agonists (cardiovascular, respiratory, and GI) |
Bradycardia 30-60 bpm Hypotension and decrease cardiac output Pale mm Dose dependent respiratory depression Vomiting, bloat, salivation and regurg. |
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Adverse effects of Alpha2 Agonists miscellaneous |
Increased the effects of other anesthetic agents Increased urination Hypothermia Transient hyperglycemia Premature parturition in cattle Sweating in horses Absorbed through skin and mm in humans |
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Avoid Alpha2 Agonists in... |
Diabetics Pregnant animals Pediatrics Ill patients Geriatrics |
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Xylazine |
Alpha2 Agonist Used mostly in large animal...old school 2% solution small animals 10% solution large animals |
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Romifidine |
Alpha2 Agonist Produces less ataxia |
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Detomidine |
Alpha2 Agonist Two times the duration of Xylazine Old version of dexmedetomidine Can be used for standing sedation with Butorphanol |
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Dexmedetomidine |
Dexdomitor Alpha2 Agonist Most commonly used in dogs and cats Produces sedation and analgesia More potent and safer than Xylazine Antagonist = atipamazole (Antisedan) Preanesthetic in low dose |
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Dexdomitor causes... |
Severe bradycardia which is not a problem because it is normal for this drug! Keeps blood supply going to vital organs 30-60 bpm |
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Alpha2 Antagonist |
Reversal agents Reverse all effects of alpha2 agonist Wide margins of safety Dose expressed as ratio |
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What are the three Alpha2 Antagonists? |
Yohimbine Tolzaoline Atipamezole |
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Yohimbine |
Yobine Alpha2 Antagonist Used in dogs, cats, horses, and exotic Reverse cardiovascular and sedative effects of XYLAZINE given IV |
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Tolazoline |
Alpha2 Antagonist Reverses cardiovascular and sedative effects of XYLAZINE |
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Atipamezole |
Aka Antisedan Alpha2 Antagonist Specific antagonist for DEXMEDTOMIDINE IM injection |
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What are the 2 anticholinergics? |
Atropine Glycopyrrolate |
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What is the name of the phenothiazine? |
Acepromazine |
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What are the 2 benzodiazepines? |
Diazepam Midazolam |
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Opioids |
Pain relieving medication |
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You need a 222 form for what schedule drugs? |
Schedule 2 |
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Uses of Opioids? |
Analgesia and can be used with a tranquilizer to produce neuroleptanalgesia |
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What is neuroleptanalgesia? |
A profound state of sedation and analgesia induced by the opioid and tranquilizer at the same time |
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Morphine is a schedule |
2 |
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Hydromorphine is schedule |
2 5x stronger than morphine |
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Hydromorphine is schedule |
2 5x stronger than morphine |
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Oxymorphone is schedule |
2 10x stronger than morphine |
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Fentanyl is schedule |
2 100x stronger than morphine Extremely potent |
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Buprenorphine is schedule |
3 Favorite opioid for cats Can be absorbed in the mucosa Buprenex |
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Butorphanol is schedule |
4 Shortest acting opioid Aka Torb |
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Adverse effects of opioids in cats, horses, and ruminants |
Causes CNS stimulation |
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Naloxone |
Reverse undesirable effects of opioids Opioids are not commonly reversed unless is a severe side effect |
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Opioids cause sweating in |
Horses |
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Pretreat opioids with |
Atropine or acepromazine |
