Anesthesiology Lecture 1

Front 1

What are the 3 general types of anesthesia?

Back 1

1) General
2) Regional
3) Local

Front 2

What is the definition of general anesthesia?

Back 2

Reversible loss of sensation to entire body with unconsciousness/ amnesia, muscle relaxation and analgesia
-Can be injectable or inhalation

Front 3

What is the first stage of anesthesia?

Back 3

Stage of voluntary movement
-Lasts from beginning of drug administration until loss of consciousness

Front 4

What is the second stage of anesthesia?

Back 4

Stage of involuntary movement and delerium
-Lasts from loss of consciousness to onset of regular breathing pattern

Front 5

What is the third stage of anesthesia?

Back 5

Stage of surgical anesthesia
-Characterized by unconsciousness, progressive depression of reflexes, muscle relaxation and presence of slow regular respiratory pattern

Front 6

Stage 3 of anesthesia can be subdivided into four planes or into what three stages?

Back 6

-Light (ocular movement)
-Medium (progressive intercostal paralysis)
-Deep (diaphragmatic breathing pattern)

Front 7

What is the fourth stage of anesthesia?

Back 7

Excessive depth of anesthesia with mydriasis, apnea and profound hypotension
-W/o intervention death soon ensues

Front 8

The distinction b/w stages of anesthesia is affected by drug selection and _____.

Back 8

Speed of administration

Front 9

What is the definition of regional anesthesia?

Back 9

Reversible loss of sensation to a portion of body due to blockade of large nerve or group of nerves
-Epidural/spinal anesthesia
-Brachial plexus block

Front 10

What is the definition of local anesthesia?

Back 10

Reversible loss of sensation to a more limited area of the body due to blockade of a single nerve or group of nerves

Front 11

What is the definition of surgical anesthesia?

Back 11

Reversible loss of sensation of sufficient intensity (analgesia, unconsciousness and muscle relaxation) to allow completion of surgical procedures

Front 12

What is the definition of dissociative anesthesia?

Back 12

Anesthesia produced by drugs (ketamine and telazol) that dissociate the thalamocrtic and limbic systems, producing a cataleptoid state, usually w/ muscle rigidity

Front 13

What is balanced anesthesia?

Back 13

Several drugs are used in combination to provide anesthesia
-Each drug provides a component-unconsciousness /amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation
-Premed + agent + supplement=1

Front 14

Who administers schedule drugs?

Back 14

The DEA
-One must register at fixed intervals in order to perscribe or purchase these drugs
-Must maintain log
-Must store securely

Front 15

What schedule of drug is pentobarbital?

Back 15

Schedule II

Front 16

What is the definition of tranquilization?

Back 16

State of reduced awareness and relaxation but still aware of surroundings
e.g. acepromazine

Front 17

What is the definition of sedation?

Back 17

State of CNS depression and reduced awareness of surroundings

Front 18

What is the definition of analgesia?

Back 18

Freedom from or absence of pain
-Opiods & NSAIDS

Front 19

What is the definition of narcosis?

Back 19

Drug induced state of deep sleep from which the animal may not be arousable
-Not equivalent to narcotic

Front 20

What is the definition of an opiate/opiod?

Back 20

Class of drugs derived from the opium poppy (morphine and codeine) or semi-synthetic (heroin, hydromorphone) or synthetic (fentanyl) wit hthe same effects
-Usually scheduled drugs

Front 21

What schedule of drugs are useful in veterinary anesthesia?

Back 21

Schedule II, III, IV

Front 22

What is the definition of a narcotic?

Back 22

An agent that causes decreased awareness to surroundings and stupor (usually refers to an opiate/ opiod)

Front 23

What is the definition of pain?

Back 23

Unpleasant sensory experience associated w/ actual or potential tissue damage or described in those terms
-Inability to communicate does not negate presence of pain

Front 24

What is the definition of nociception?

Back 24

The physiologic components of pain; transduction, transmission and modulation of neural signals generated in response to a noxious stimulus
-Does not include perception

Front 25

What is the definition of nociceptor?

Back 25

Specialized nerve ending (Receptor) capable of encoding mechanical, chemical, or thermal energy into electrical impulses

Front 26

What is the definition of nociceptor threshold?

Back 26

Minimal strength of stimulus that will cause a nociceptor to generate a nerve impulse

Front 27

What is the definition of a reflex?

Back 27

Involuntary, purposeful and orderly response to (a reflex arc)

Front 28

What is the definition of analgesia?

Back 28

Loss of sensitivity to pain

Front 29

What is multimodal analgesia?

Back 29

Use of multiple drugs with different mechanisms to produce optimal analgesia
Ex. opioid + NSAID

Front 30

What is the definition of neuroleptanalgesia?

Back 30

A combination of a neuroleptic agent (tranquilizer or sedative) with an analgesic agent (opiate/opioid) to produce heavy sedation and analgesia (e.g. acepromazine and morphine, midazolam and hydromorphone)

Front 31

What is the definition of allodynea?

Back 31

Pain caused by a stimulus that normally does not provoke pain

Front 32

What is the definition of hyperalgesia?

Back 32

Increased response to a stimulus that normally causes pain
-Occurs at the site of injury (primary) or in surrounding uninjured tissue (Secondary)
-Exaggerated response by nociceptors at lower threshold

Front 33

What is the definition of hyperasthesia/ hyperesthetic?

Back 33

Increased sensitivity/ response to a stimulus

Front 34

What is the definition of hypoalgesia?

Back 34

Decreased sensitivity to pain

Front 35

What is the definition of neuralgia?

Back 35

Pain in distribution of a nerve or nerves

Front 36

What is the definition of acute pain?

Back 36

Pain that follows bodily injury, disappears w/ healing, tends to be self limiting

Front 37

What is the definition of chronic pain?

Back 37

Pain that lasts several weeks to months beyond expected healing time
-Of non-neoplastic origin

Front 38

What is the definition of cancer pain?

Back 38

Pain that can be acute chronic or intermittent and is related to the disease or the treatment

Front 39

What is the definition of pathologic pain?

Back 39

Pain that has an exaggerated response beyond its protective usefulness
-often associated w/ tissue injury associated w/ surgery or trauma

Front 40

What is the definition of physiologic pain?

Back 40

Pain that acts as a protective mechanism that causes individual to associate it w/ tissue injury
-Associated w/ surgery or trauma

Front 41

What is the definition of somatic pain?

Back 41

Pain that originates from injury to bones, muscles, joints or skin
-Described as localized, constant, sharp, aching, or throbbing

Front 42

What is the definition of visceral pain?

Back 42

Pain due to stretching, distention or inflammation of viscera
-Described as deep, cramping, aching, or gnawing
-Not well localized

Front 43

What is the definition of neuropathic pain?

Back 43

Pain that originates from injury or involvement of the peripheral or central nervous system
-Described as burning or pulsing
-may be associated w/ motor, sensory or autonomic deficits

Front 44

What is the definition of premptive analgesia?

Back 44

Administration of an analgesic drug prior to painful stimulation to prevent sensitization of neurons
-Improves postoperative analgesia

Front 45

What is the definition of wind-up?

Back 45

Temporal summation of painful stimuli in the spinal cord
-mediated by C fibers
-Responsible for "second" pain

Front 46

What is central sensitization?

Back 46

An increase in excitability and responsiveness of nerve sin the spinal cord

Front 47

What is the definition of peripheral sensitization?

Back 47

An increase in excitability and responsiveness of peripheral nerve terminals