Preanesthetics.

Front 1

4 Reasons for using Pre-anesthetics?

Back 1

-To calm or sedate.

-Reduce adverse effects of anesthesia.

-Reduce amt of anesthesia needed.

-To decrease pain,

Front 2

2 Sections the Autonomic Nervous System is divided into?

Back 2

Parasympathetic and sympathetic.

Front 3

What does the Parasympathetic system do?

Back 3

Rest and digest.

Front 4

Synapse?

Back 4

Space between nerve ending and receptor.

Front 5

Neurotransmitter?

Back 5

Chemical that is released from nerve ending and travels across synapse, stimulating receptor.

Front 6

Parasympathetic responses?

Back 6

Saliva & tears increase.

Pupils contract.

BP lowers.

Bronchi constrict.

Gastro increases.

VAGUS NERVE.

Front 7

Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter?

Back 7

Acetylcholine.

Front 8

Sympathetic Neurotransmitter?

Back 8

Norepinephrine.

Front 9

Sympathetic responses?

Back 9

Saliva and tear decrease.

Pupils dilate.

HR and BP increases.

Bronchi dilate.

Gastro decreases.

BLOOD GOES TO SKELETAL MUSCLE.

Front 10

What controls the involuntary body functions?

Back 10

Autonomic nervous system.

Front 11

-ergic?

Back 11

does the work of. Stimulates

Front 12

-mimetic?

Back 12

Mimics, has a similar effect.

Front 13

-lytic?

Back 13

Prevents, tears down the effect of.

Front 14

What are Anticholinergics used for?

Back 14

They treat parasympathetic responses produced by anesthesia drugs. Prevent hypersalivation. Prevent bradycardia.

Front 15

Atropine class?

Back 15

Anticholinergic.

Front 16

Onset and duration of Atropine?

Back 16

20mins SC onset. 10-15 min IM onset. Duration 60mins.

Front 17

Precautions of Atropine?

Back 17

Reduces tear secretion. Avoid using in animal with rapid heart rates. Produces thick secretions. Reduces GI activity. CROSSES PLACENTAL BARRIER.

Front 18

Signs of Atropine overdose?

Back 18

Tachycardia. Vasodilation. Dry MM. Hyperthermia. Excitement. Dilated pupils.

Front 19

Glycopyrrolate class?

Back 19

Anticholinergic.

Front 20

Difference from Atropine and Glycopyyolate?

Back 20

Glycopyrrolate last 2-3 hours and does not cross placental barrier.

Front 21

Use of Sedatives and Tranquilizers?

Back 21

Calming effect. Smooth induction. Reduce amount of anesthetics needed. Prevent excitatory.

Front 22

Phenothiazine class?

Back 22

Sedatives/ Tranquilizers.

Front 23

Drugs in the Phenothiazines class?

Back 23

Acepromazine.

Front 24

Advantage of Acepromazine?

Back 24

Not controlled. Lasts 2-8hours IV. Antiemetic. Antiarrythmic.

Front 25

Precautions of Acepromazine?

Back 25

Vasodilation- avoid in hypotensive patients.No analgesic. Lowers seizure threshold. 3rd eyelid prolapse. Antihistamine. Paraphimosis in horses.

Front 26

Onset of Acepromazine?

Back 26

15mins IM.

Front 27

Benzodiazepines class?

Back 27

Sedation/ Tranquilizers.

Front 28

Drugs in Benzodiazepines class?

Back 28

Diazepam.

Midazolam.

Zolazepam.

Alprazolam.

Flumazenil.

Front 29

Advantages of Benzodiazepines?

Back 29

Mild calming effect. Excellent muscle relaxation. Prevent seizures. Minimal cardiac and resp depression.

Front 30

Precautions of Benzodiazepines?

Back 30

May cause excitement when used alone.

Front 31

Diazepam class, and traits?

Back 31

Benzodiazepam. Often mixed with Ketamine. Poorly absorbed IM.

Front 32

Another name for Diazepam?

Back 32

Valium.

Front 33

Another name for Midazolam?

Back 33

Versed

Front 34

Trait of Midazolam?

Back 34

Water soluble.

Front 35

Class of Midazolam?

Back 35

Benzodiazepines/ Sedation.

Front 36

Class of Zolazepam?

Back 36

Benzodiazepines/ Sedative.

Front 37

Traits of Zolazepam?

Back 37

Combined with Tiletamine. Comes as powder. 2 weeks shelf life. IM

Front 38

Another name for Alprazolam?

Back 38

Xanax

Front 39

Class of Alprazolam?

Back 39

Benzodiazepines/ Sedative.

Front 40

Traits of Alprazolam?

Back 40

Oral used for anxiety.

Front 41

Class of Flumazenil?

Back 41

Benzodiazepine/ sedative.

Front 42

Traits of Flumazenil?

Back 42

Antagonist-reversal agent for diazepam and midazolam.

Front 43

Advantages of Alpha-2 Agonists?

Back 43

Potent sedative.

Good muscle relaxation.

Analgesic.

Reversible.

Not controlled.

Front 44

What are the Classes of Pre-Anesthetics?

Back 44

Anticholinergics.

Sedatives/Tranq.

----

Phenothiazines.

Benzodiazepines.

---

Alpha-2 Agonist.

Opiods.

Pure agonists.

Mixed ant/agonists.

Partial agonist.

Pure agonist.

Front 45

Precautions of Alpha-2 Agonists?

Back 45

Can have Cardiovasular effects. 2nd degree AV block. Causes vasocontriction. Use with Atropine. Absorbed skin and MM. Analgesic wears off before sedation. Possible bloat.

Front 46

What Class of drugs cause Emesis in 50% of dogs and 90% of cats?

Back 46

Alpha-2 Agonists.

Front 47

Contraindications of Alpha-2 Agonists?

Back 47

Pedoatric, geriatric. Cardio or resp disease. Diabetes. Gastro obstructions.

Front 48

Drugs in Alpha-2 Agonist class?

Back 48

Medetomidine.

Dexmeditomidine.

Xylazine.

Front 49

Another name for Xylazine?

Back 49

Rompun.

Front 50

Traits of Xylazine?

Back 50

Analgesic for 20mins.

IM or IV.

Sedation up to several hours.

Can have more side effects.

Front 51

Reversing agent of Xylazine?

Back 51

Yohimbine. IV.

Front 52

Another name for Medetomidine?

Back 52

Domitor.

Front 53

Another name for Dexmeditomidine?

Back 53

Dexdomitor.

Front 54

Dexmeditomidine traits?

Back 54

IV or IM.

Has a ceiling effect on analgesic.

Front 55

Reversing agent of Dexmeditomine?

Back 55

Atipamezole. IM

Front 56

Another name for Atipamezole?

Back 56

Antisedan.

Front 57

Use of Opiods?

Back 57

Analgesic. Common preanesthetic.

Front 58

Neuroleptanalgesic?

Back 58

Opiods mixed with Tranq.

Front 59

Advantages of Opiods?

Back 59

Most effective analgesic.

Potent sedation.

Reversible.

Front 60

Disadvantages of Opiods?

Back 60

Bradycardia.

Resp depression.

Excitatory in cats and horses.

Can cause histamine release if IV.

GI clearing effect.

Front 61

Precautions of Opiods?

Back 61

Used with Tranq in cats and horses. IV with caution in dogs. Avoid in cats.

Front 62

Actions of Opiods?

Back 62

Mimic effects of endorphins on brain and spinal cord receptors.

Front 63

What are the 4 Opiods Receptors?

Back 63

Mu.

Kappa.

Delta.

Nociceptin.

Front 64

Mu Opiod Receptor?

Back 64

Profound analgesic, euporia, resp depression, physical dependence, bradycardia, GI clearing.

Front 65

Kappa Opiod Receptor?

Back 65

Lesser analgesic response, miosis, sedation, dysphoria.

Front 66

Delta Opiod Receptor?

Back 66

Modulates mu receptor activity, GI motility, cardiovascular regulation.

Front 67

Nociceptin Opiod Receptor?

Back 67

Plays a role with endogenous opiods. Non-opiods branch of receptors.

Front 68

Define Pure Agonists?

Back 68

Stimulates all 4 receptors.

Front 69

Define Mixed agonist/ antagonists?

Back 69

Stimulates some types and blocks others.

Front 70

Define Partial Agonists?

Back 70

Binds at one or more receptors, has effect at only one type of receptor.

Front 71

Define Pure Antagonists?

Back 71

Blocks all types of receptors.

Front 72

Signs of Opiod overdose?

Back 72

Profound resp depression.

Bradycardia.

Extreme sedation/ excitement.

Pinpoint pupils in dogs and Dilated in cats.

Face swelling.

Front 73

Define Miosis?

Back 73

Pinpoint eyes.

Front 74

Define Mydriasis?

Back 74

Dilated pupils.

Front 75

List of Pure Agonists?

Back 75

Morphine.

Oxymorphone.

Hydromorphone.

Fentanyl.

Tramadol.

Meperidine.

Front 76

List of Mixed Agonists/ Antagonists?

Back 76

Butorphanol.

Nalbuphine.

Front 77

List of Partial Agonists?

Back 77

Buprenorphine.

Front 78

List of Antagonists?

Back 78

Nalorphine.

Naloxone.

Front 79

Morphine Class?

Back 79

Agonists, Opiod.

Front 80

Traits of Morphine?

Back 80

Natural opiate.

Lasts 4 hours.

Vomit and defecation may occur.

Safe for liver disease patients.

Strongest natural analgesic.

IV dogs only.

Front 81

Oxymorphone Class?

Back 81

Agonist, Opiods.

Front 82

Oxymorphone Traits?

Back 82

Epidural availible.

Longer duration.

More potent sedation and analgesic.

Fewer side effects. Cats only

Front 83

Hydromorphone Class?

Back 83

Agonist, Opiods.

Front 84

Hydromorphone Traits?

Back 84

Dogs and cats.

More effective analgesic for cats.

No histamine.

Less potent than oxymorphone.

Side effects are panting, vomiting, bradycardia.

Front 85

Fentanyl Class?

Back 85

Agonist, Opiods.

Front 86

Fentanyl Traits?

Back 86

Transdermal patch lasts for 3 days.

Post-op patch takes 12-24hrs to reach analgesic.

Front 87

Tramadol Class?

Back 87

Agonists, Opiods.

Front 88

Tramadol Traits?

Back 88

Controlled drug. Anti-anxiety properties. Post-op pain.

Front 89

Meperidine Class?

Back 89

Agonist, Opiod.

Front 90

Meperidine Traits?

Back 90

Wide safety margin. Weak agonist.

Front 91

Butorphanol Class?

Back 91

Mixed agonists/ antagonist, Opiods.

Front 92

Butorphanol Traits?

Back 92

Minimal sedation.

1 hr mild Analgesic.

High safety index.

Kappa agonist, Mu antagonist.

Front 93

Another name for Butorphanol?

Back 93

Torbugesic- IM,SC Analgesic.

Torbutrol- Oral Cough suppressant.

Front 94

Nalbuphine Class?

Back 94

Mixed Agonists/ Antagonist, Opiods.

Front 95

Nalbuphine Traits?

Back 95

Can be used in place of butorphanol.

Front 96

Buprenorphine Class?

Back 96

Partial Agonists, Opiods.

Front 97

Buprenorphine Traits?

Back 97

Transmucosal for cats. High affinity for Mu receptors. Delayed onset. Duration of 6-12hrs. Ceiling effect with Analgesic.

Front 98

Nalorphine Class?

Back 98

Antagonist, Opiods.

Front 99

Nalorphine Traits?

Back 99

90% antagonistic.

Front 100

Naloxone Class?

Back 100

Antagonists, Opiods.

Front 101

Naloxone Traits?

Back 101

100% antagonistic.