Aneq 346 Test 1

Front 1

Dorsal

Back 1

back side

Front 2

ventral

Back 2

belly side

Front 3

itis

Back 3

inflammation

Front 4

oma

Back 4

tumor

Front 5

caudal

Back 5

tail end

Front 6

cranial

Back 6

head end

Front 7

proximal

Back 7

where the appendage joins the body

Front 8

distal

Back 8

farthest point from where the appendage joins the body

Front 9

TPR:

Back 9

Temperature (98 – 101), pulse(30-40), respiration(6-16)

Front 10

MM:

Back 10

mucos membrane, should be pink in color and moist, not tacky

Front 11

CPT :

Back 11

capillary refill time, normal is less than 2 seconds

Front 12

Signs that dentistry needs to be done:

Back 12

Bucking
1. Drooling
2. Foul smell to breath
3. Swellings around face
4. Trouble with the bit
5. Head shaking
6. Poor perfomance

Front 13

What is used in floating:

Back 13

• Speculum
• Light
• Bucket
• Dose syringe
• Shoulder, dental ring, or halter
• Sedation

Front 14

What is choke?

Back 14

Esophageal obstruction

Front 15

signs of choke:

Back 15

 Saliva and feed from mouth and nose
 Cough
 Dysphagia
 Arched or extended neck
 Repeated attempts to swallow and retch
 May appear distressed, painful or depressed
 Acute or chronic

Front 16

Where does choke happen:

Back 16

 Usually close to larynx or at thoracic inlet

Front 17

Treatment of choke:

Back 17

 Sedation
 Smooth muscle relaxants
 Analgesics (painkillers)
 Lavage
 Oxytocin to relax striated muscle
 Intravenous fluid therapy
 Anaesthesia and surgery

Front 18

Complications of choke:

Back 18

 Aspiration pneumonia
 Esophageal inflammation, necrosis and stricture formation
 Esophageal diverticulum (stretched area of the esophagus)

Front 19

Why does a horse get choke:

Back 19

 Bolting food, unable to chew properly

Front 20

What are gastric ulcers:

Back 20

 Painful erosion in wall of stomach

Front 21

Where do gastric ulcers occur:

Back 21

 Non glandular portion of stomach

Front 22

Who do gastric ulcers affect:

Back 22

 Very common
 90% TBs in race training
 ~60% show horses, pleasure horses broodmares

Front 23

Why do horses get gastric ulcers:

Back 23

 Stress
 Intense training
 Intermittent feeding
 High grain diets
 Soluble CHO fermented, byproducts include volatile fatty acids, lactic acid and alcohol

Front 24

Treatment of gastric ulcers:

Back 24

 H-2 receptor antagonists
 Antacids
 Sucralfate
 Omeprazole,

Front 25

Sings of gastric ulcers:

Back 25

 Reduced appetite
 Weight loss/ poor body condition
 Low-grade or recurrent colic
 Loose feces
 Attitude change
 May be no clinical signs

Front 26

Small intestine dysfunction:

Back 26

 Fluid absorption is reduced
 Increased fluids in small intestine
→→Distension
→→ Necrosis
→→ Endotoxin absorption
 Reduced circulating blood volume
 Reduced blood supply to gut

Front 27

Simple Obstruction Why:

Back 27

 Feed impaction (or foreign material)
 South Western USA bermuda grass ↑ fibre in fall
 Ascarid impaction
 Pedunculated lipoma

Front 28

Simple Obstruction Diagnosis:

Back 28

 TPR, MM and CRT, auscultation
 Nasogastric tube
 Net reflux in stomach up to 0.3L/100kg/hr in complete obstruction
 Rectal exam
 Abdominal ultrasound
 Abdominocentesis

Front 29

Simple Obstruction Treatment:

Back 29

 Medical/conservative
 Fluid therapy + electrolytes
 Analgesics e.g NSAID
 Mineral oil?
 Laminitis prevention
 Surgery

Front 30

What is Colic:

Back 30

 Clinical sign of pain

Front 31

Treatment of colic:

Back 31

 NSAIDS (anti-inflammatory, banamine)
 Sedatives
 Fecal softeners
 IV fluids
 Sedation
 surgery

Front 32

Prevention of colic:

Back 32

 Establish a set daily routine- including feeding and exercise schedule-and stick to
 Feed a high quality diet comprised primarily of roughage.
 Avoid feeding excessive grain and energy-dense supplements.
 At least half the horse’s energy requirement should be supplied through hay or forage
 Divide daily concentrate rations (hay free-choice)
 Set up a regular parasite control program
 Provide exercise and/or turnout on a daily basis
 Provide fresh, clean water at all times.
 Avoid putting feed on the ground, esp. in sandy soils.
 Make dietary and other management changes as gradually as possible.
 Reduce stress.
 Maintain accurate records of management, feeding practices, and health

Front 33

What should happen during a colic examination:

Back 33

 Obtain a full history
 Do a thorough physical exam
 Pass a stomach tube
 May
 perform a rectal exam
 abdominocentesis
 blood sample
 refer the horse

Front 34

Where do impactions occur:

Back 34

 Cecum
 Transverse colon (junction with right dorsal colon)
 Pelvic flexure

Front 35

Why do impactions occur:

Back 35

 Dehydration
 Coarse/high fibre feed
 Poor dentition
 Cold weather – due to dehydration,

Front 36

Signs of impactions:

Back 36

 Colic!
 Mild to moderate pain
 Dry, hard feces
 Progressive anorexia
 Dehydration

Front 37

Treatment of impactions:

Back 37

 Fluids, fluids and more fluids
 intravenously, nasal tube, add electrolytes
 Maybe:
 Mineral oil
 Magnesium sulphate or similar
 Surgery

Front 38

Diarrhea: what:

Back 38

 Fecal material with ↑ water content

Front 39

Diarrhea: Why:

Back 39

 Many diseases

Front 40

Diarrhea: treatment:

Back 40

 Fluids
 Nutrition
 NSAIDs
 Low dose Banamine (flunixin) for antiendotoxin effects
 Antibiotics?
 Isolation?

Front 41

Grain overload:

Back 41

 Proliferation of lactic acid producing bacteria(bacteria will multiply if a large amount of grain is in the hind gut. Usually there are only a few bacteria that breakdown grain.)
 Change pH
 Death of gram negative bacteria
 Endotoxin in cell wall
 Any disruption in mucosa allows endotoxin to be absorbed

Front 42

Endotoximia: why:

Back 42

 Any disruption of mucosa!

Front 43

Endotoximia: signs:

Back 43

 Toxic line and altered color of mm
 Pyrexia
 Colic/diarrhea
 Dehydration/anorexia
 Laminitis

Front 44

Endotoximia: tx:

Back 44

 Antibiotics
 Fluids
 NSAIDS
 Maybe
 DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide (scavenge oxygen radicals)

Front 45

Respiratory disease: Importance:

Back 45

 Athletic horses
 Huge lungs, large volumes of air moved
 Major economic loss
 Environment and management important
 Air quality
 Ammonia
 Dust and molds

Front 46

Respiratory disease: Clinical signs:

Back 46

 Changes in character of respiration
 Increased effort, rate, noise
 Flared nostrils, extended neck
 Heave line, abducted elbows
 Nasal discharge
 Cough
 Exercise intolerance
 Epistaxis bleeding from nostrils

Front 47

Respiratory disease: Causes:

Back 47

Infectious
 Viral
 Bacterial
 Fungal
 Parasitic
Non-infectious
 Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) (heaves)
 Inflammatory airway disease
 Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

Front 48

Strangles:

Back 48

Caused by:Streptococcus equi
 Bacterial shed in nasal discharges
 Transmission direct or via fomites
 Clinical signs
 Progressive swelling and tenderness of lymph nodes in head
 may have difficulty swallowing
 abscess in lymph nodes, which eventually burst

Front 49

Equine influenza:

Back 49

 Most highly contagious equine respiratory pathogens
 Airborne/aerosol route and direct
Clinical signs (unvaccinated)
 Pyrexia (up to 40°C / 104°F)
 Harsh dry cough
 Serous then mucopurulent nasal discharge
 Marked depression
 Shed for up to 10 days
 Diagnosed: Nasopharangeal swabs

Front 50

EHV ¼:

Back 50

 Main virus to cause viral respiratory disease
 Can result in abortion storms in mares
 Rarely neurologic disease (paralysis)
 Up to 75% horses latently infected
 Virus recrudesces when animal under stress

Front 51

RAO

Back 51

recurent airway obstruction
 Middle aged, and older susceptible for life, can be managed in remission
 Recurrent episodes
 Clinical signs at rest
 Cough, incr. RR
 Mucus, neutrophils in tracheal mucus

Front 52

IAD

Back 52

(inflammatory airway disease)
 Any age
 Vague clinical signs, often no clinical signs at rest
 Poor performance, cough, and nasal discharge
 Tracheal mucus
 Neutrophils in tracheal mucus

Front 53

Pleuropneumonia(ex. Shipping fever)

Back 53

 Effects individuals, not groups, stress can cause it