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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three causes of anemia?
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increase loss - hemorrhage
increase destruction - hemolysis decreased population by bone marrow |
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What are the clinical signs of anemia?
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pale mucous membranes
lethargy, exercise intolerance increased respiratory rate, dyspnea increased heart rate |
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What are whole body clinical signs of blood destruction?
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splenomegaly
icterus hemoglobinuria |
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What causes regenerative anemia?
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blood loss
blood destruction |
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What values decrease with acute blood loss?
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PCV and protein
most commonly lost from intestines |
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What are the causes of iron deficient anemia?
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nursing animals - milk low in iron
adults due to chronic blood loss |
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In iron deficient anemia what will the lab results look like?
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microcytosis
reticulocytes with decreased MCV Keratocyte formation |
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How is anemia classified?
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RBC size and concentration
bone marrow response |
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T/F
An animal is suffering from acute blood loss, their RBC are normal. |
True
the only exception is in hemangiosarcoma- see acanthocytes and schistocytes |
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What should a dog with thrombocytopenia and hyperglobulinemia be tested for?
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Ehrlichia
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What should anemic cats be tested for? Horses?
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Fiv FeLV
EIA |
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At what time frame would you see immature RBCs after acute blood loss?
When will numbers increased assuming insulting stimulus is gone? |
72 hours
1 week |
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If you see a platelet concentration below what number would you see bleeding?
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less than 25,000
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How is the Red cell distribution width (RDW) effected in iron deficient animals? Why? When does this happen related to MCV?
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Increased
B/c of the subpopulation of microcytic cells Before dec. in MCV |
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What parameter is usually normal in IDA?
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total protein binding
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How helpful is oral iron supplementation generally? Why?
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Not much
Limiting factor is health of GI not iron, dog food has plenty need to find the source of the blood loss |
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What are three other possible causes of microcytic anemia? How do you tell the difference b/w IDA and anemia of inflammation?
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1) Portosystemic shunt
2) Breed disposition 3) Anemia of inflammation IDA has dec. storage iron, and AI will have inc. storage iron |
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What would you expect to see in lab work on a dog with hemangiosarcoma?
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Decrease in PCV, RBCs and Hb
Inc. in reticulocytes (regenerative), and RDW Inc. in neuts (inflam) Decrease in lymphs (stress) Acanthocytes & schistocytes |
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What should you think of when you see lab results with a low MCV?
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iron deficiency anemia
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What is the difference b/w intravascular hemolysis and extravascular?
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Intravascular-RBC contents leaks out of cell due to complement system
Extravascular- macs phagocytize RBC in spleen and liver |
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What are some etiologies of Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia?
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infection
modified live virus vaccine neoplasia Drugs |
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What breeds of dogs maybe have a low MCV and be normal?
What is the problem with that? |
asian breed such as Akita (microcytosis)
if the actually do have disease then it is hard to tell which is normal and which isn't |
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What direct antiglubulin test is used to detect immune mediated hemolytic anemia?
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coombs test
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What are the lab findings of Immune mediated hemolyitc anemia? Leukogram?
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-Decreased PCV, RBCs, Hb and platelets
-Agglutination -Spherocytes -> inflammatory |
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What can an abnormally high MCV mean?
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agglutination
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If you see an neutrophil count 2 times about the reference interval means what?
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inflammation
not stress |
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When are Heinz bodies composed of?
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aggregates of irreversible hemochromes caused by free radicals
wrights stain = pale pike New methyl blue - blue |
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What do Heinz bodies look like in cats? dogs?
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large and single
small and numerous |
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What type of hemolyic anemia has maternal Abs against the neonates blood group antigen? What happens?
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Neonatal isoerythrolysis
RBC hemolysis |
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What animals does neonatal isoerythrolysis occur in?
When does reaction occur? |
Horse and mule foals
Colostrum |
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By what mechanism do RBC parasites cause anemia?
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Immune mediated (Ab against parasite -> phagocytosis by macs)
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When does M. haemocanis occur?
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In dogs with a splenectomy, non-functioning spleen, or immunocompromised dogs
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How is M. haemofelis transmitted? Is anemia regenerative?
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Blood feeding arthropods, cat bites, iatrogenic
Yes, except if have FIV or FeLV |
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Blood appears chocolate brown when what % of hemoglobin is methemoglobin?
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30%
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What toxicity causes methhemoglobinemia in cats?
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Acetaminophen (Tylenol) toxicity
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What can hypophosphatemia cause? Who is at risk?
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Hemolysis
Postparturient hemoglobinuria in cattle & Diabetes mellitus in cats |
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What two bacteria produce hemolytic anemia?
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Clostridium & Leptospira
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What causes "Yellow Lamb" disease?
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Clostridium perfringens
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What causes "Red Water" dz? What is it associated with?
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Clostridium haemolyticum
Liver fluke migration |
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Cattle with limited access to water, then have unlimited access can get what? How?
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Water intoxication
Sudden change in osmolality causes hemolysis |
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What are two virus that induces hemolysis?
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EIA, FeLV
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What are lab signs of pyruvate kinase deficiency in dogs? What breeds are effected? Life span? Life span in cats?
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Moderate to marked anemia
Marked regenerative anemia Basenji, Beagles, West Highland terriers, Cairn terrier 4 year old Can live to old age |
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In diagnosing non-regenerative anemia, is size of RBCs helpful? What is the exception? Is RBC morph helpful?
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No
FeLV induced macrocytosis (enlarged RBCs) No |
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What are the two causes of bone marrow problems? What is red cell hypoplasia? Red cell aplasia?
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All cell lines decreased and red cell production problem only
Decrease in red cells No red cell production |
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What does the term aplastic anemia refer to? What are three major infectious agents that cause this?
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General marrow supression
Ehrlichiosis, FeLV and EIA |
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What is the mechanism of immune mediated aplastic anemia?
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Antibodies are directed against stem cells
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You need to be careful with estrogen in what species?
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Dogs and ferrets
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What do you look for on a blood film to classify non-regenerative anemia?
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Lack of polychromatic RBCs or reticulocytes (depending on the dye)
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Animals with non-regen anemia along with neutropenia and thrombocytopenia have what? What if neuts and platelets are normal?
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Stem cell injury (reversible or irreversible)
Intrinsic marrow defect where one type of cell is effected |
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What is pure red cell aplasia called? What is this caused by? What virus causes this?
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Erythroid aplasia
Immune mediated destruction of RBC precursors FeLV |
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Are the causes of erythroid hypoplasia intrinsic or extrinsic? What are these? What are the intrinsic factors?
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Extrinsic
Chronic renal dz, endocrine disorders (hypothyroidism), inflam dz Myelodysplasia, leukemia, immune mediated destruction |
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What do you see with IMHA?
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it is usually regenerative
see spherocytosis +/- agglutination neutrophilia with left shift +/- thrombocytopenia |
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What is the main cause of anemia of renal disease?
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Insufficient erythropoietin
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How severe is anemia of inflammatory disease? Level of serum iron? Level of storage iron?
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Mild to moderate
Low Increased |
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What is the cause of RBC suppression in anemia of inflammatory disease?
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Cytokines are inhibiting the availability of iron
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What is the main endocrinopathy related anemia? Is this anemia severe or mild?
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Hypothyroidism
Mild |
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What is the definition of polycythemia? What is relative poly? What are the causes? How is total protein effected?
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An increase in RBC mass
Due to fluid Dehydration or redistribution Will be increased |
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What is absolute polycythemia? What causes this? What is the difference b/w appropriate and inappropriate EPO production? How is O2 related?
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An actual increase in RBCs
Increased erythropoietin Approp- is with heart dz, lung dz or high altitude Inaprop- tumors O2 low with ap and normal with inap |
