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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mesopotamia
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Land Between Two Waters
Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and the Euphrates |
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Sumerians
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Began the first true civilization in Mesopotamia
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Lugal
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These were a class of priests and kings that ruled in babalon
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Cunieform
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Sumerians created the first writting language
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Gilgamesh
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Tells the story of a king's quest to achieve immortality
Appeared in sumeria |
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Hammurabi's code
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Favored the upper class
Written law code - in Babylon Very harsh -> death = common punishment |
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Ziggurats
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People in Mesopotamia erected these in order to worship their many gods
Pyramid-like temples |
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Bronze
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Began in mesopotamia in 3000 BCE
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Sumerian Scientific Development
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- originating the base-60 number system (time and navigational calculations)
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King Menes
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Unified Northern and Southern Egypt
Started the beginning of Egyptian civilization |
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Old Kingdom
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Egypt
early society and politics took shape |
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Middle Kingdom
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Egypt
much more powerful; more culturally and intellectually dynamic Fell when outsiders (Hyksos) conquered - had chariots! |
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New Kingdom
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Egypt becomes more activity militarily - conquer northern affirca
collapsed from internal disorder and foreign invasion |
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Ancient Egypt (as a whole)
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centralized society that was presided over by a monarch + a small caste of priests
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Pharoh
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Living incarnation of the Egyptian Sun God
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Ancient Egyptian Women
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secondary to men but still had rights:
divorce, owning property, manage business, become priestesses |
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Queen Hatshepsut
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First female ruler ever
Pharoh during the New Kingdom |
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Egyptian Religion
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Polythestic; main god = sun god
Central Aspect of religion = life after death |
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Pyramids
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Resting place for pharaohs after death
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Scientific Achievements of Ancient Egyptians
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- hieroglyphics
- papyrus paper - 365 day calendar system - irrigation - knowledge of medicine, math, astronomy - bronze tools |
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Harappa/Mohenjo-Daro
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Large ancient cities in the Indus River Valley
housed 100,000 people Built the same - indicates centralized govt |
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Rice
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High yield crop that requires lots of labor
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Shang Dynasty
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First - warrior aristocracy
- Expanded its warriors by conquest - lots of trade - pictogram writing - thought of itself as "middle kingdom" (center of the world) - ancestor worship and fortune telling |
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Zhou Dynasty
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Internal collapse and civil wars killed it (warring states period)
More political sophistication - confucianism, daoism, mandate of heaven |
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Celts
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uncivilized -> no written language/political unification
- oral tradition (in songs) - first to establish widespread presence in Europe - close-knit tribal groups - skilled at metal working - polythesitic |
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Hitties (iron)
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not the first to make iron
first to use iron to make systematic use of iron weapons |
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Assyrians
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created world's first true empire by riding on horseback
created by the conquest of their neighbors (middle east) |
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Nebuchadnezzar
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Chaldean/Neo-Babylonian ruler
controlled the middle east region Built the hanging gardens of babylon |
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Cyrus the Great
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Conquered iran - began the Persian Empire
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Persians
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created one of the largest empires in history
- tolerant of other religions - single currency - postal service and roads - decentralized government (headed by satraps) |
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Hebrews
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the first monotheistic people
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Phoenicians
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- advanced economy
- skilled traders and sailors - created first 22-letter alphabet (symbols represent sounds, not words) |
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Lydians
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invented first metal coinage
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Minoan and Mycenaeans
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Trading societies in ancient greece
Mycenarans = grew wealthy through conquest |
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Why could ancient greeks not create a totally unified civilization?
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The rugged terrain and the fact that so many greek people lived on islands
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Sparta
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Rigid, slave-holding dictatorship that created the Greek world's most effective and most feared army
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Athens
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culturally and politically advanced city that gained wealth through trade and power due to its NavAL strength
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Oligarchies
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narrow elite (rich and powerful) families rule
- main method of governing in greece |
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Where was slavery most prevalent in ancient greece?
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Sparta
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Democracy
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began in athens
athens had the most representative government out of them all!!! |
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Peloponnesian War
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competition between sparta and athens for dominance over the greek world led to this devastating civil conflict
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Effects of Alexander's campaigns
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preerved Greek culture and spread it throughout a vast portion of Eurasia and northern Africa
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Great Library
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in the city of Alexandria (Egypt)
became one of the Mediterranean world's great centers of trade, learning, and culture. |
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Aristotle's Writings
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these were on logic, observation, and experimentation
set a mode of scientific inquiry and and has served as the basis for the scientific method |
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The Roman Republic
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Senate (patricians) elected 2 consuls (1 year term, not democratic election)
the plebians gained more strength as time went on |
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The Punic Wars
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Faught between Carthage (phoenician colony in north africa) and Rome
Rome won and became a super power in the mediterranean. |
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Roman Decline
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The small farmer middle class fell
Corrupt leaders Civil wars Foreign invasion |
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Julius Caesar
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the most famous late republican politicians who ceased power
was assassinated |
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Augustus Caesar
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Ruled under the golden age of rome (pax romana)
gained more dictatorial power than Julius, but was well loved Revived rome to its former glory |
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Roman Society
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- other religions generally tolerated
- divide between citizens and noncitizens - heavily dependant upon slave labor - patriarchical |
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Spartacus
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Led a slave labor revolt in rome
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Roman Women
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traditionally opressed (could not vote)
but gained more freedoms over time - power to vote, divorce, influence over family's financial affairs |
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Paterfamilias
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Roman men ruled the family w/ absolute power
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Roman Culture
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Great admirers of the Hellenistic culture
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Aqueducts
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Roman engineers still have these in use today
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Roman Law
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codified legal system that remains one of the keystones of Western Legal Thought
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Twelve Tables
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The roman's codified law
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Qin Dynasty
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- centralized, dictatorial state
- Legalism - unified -> build Great Wall of China - built up the military - created the importance of emperor and bureaucracy |
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Shi Huangdi
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Qin State emperor
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Wu Ti
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Han emperor
expanded china to the west, north, and south |
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Grand Canal
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Linked the Yellow and Yangtze rivers
built during the Han empire |
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Achievements of the Han empire
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- administration
- postal service - tax-collection - silk production monopoly |
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Han Decline
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- internal decay
- weak leadership - outside invasion - agricultural decline - economic decline |
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Central Asia Societies
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- Nomadic
- Good Horseman/cavalry |
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Yamato Family
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Ruled the first imperial state in Japan
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Shinto
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nature religion
legitimized Jap. emperors (descendants of the sun goddess) |
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Aryans
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light-skinned Nomads that invaded from central asia and persia
created a warrior-aristocracy in india and enslaved the darker, native dravidians |
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Dravidians
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darker, native indians - enslaved by the Aryans
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Aryan-Dravidian Fusion
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- Sanskirt (writing)
- caste system (social regidity) |
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Mauryan India
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- strong military (abated by Ashoka who converted India to Buddhism - peace and tolerance)
- extensive trade network - rock & pillar edicts - cotton! - collapsed from attacks by outside enemies |
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Gupta Empire
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- golden Age
- smaller, less centralized than Mauryan (thrived culturally/economically) - Hindu rulers = tolerant of others - created pi and zero - fell due to outside pressure -> muslims moved in! |
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Byzantine Culture
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- preserved Christianity
- blended greek and roman elements |
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Justinian
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under him, byzantium flourished (recaptured a lot of the western Roman empire's land)
built the Hagia Sophia (now an islamic mosque) Justinian's code = codified roman laws -> foundation for western legal systems |
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Icon
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art form that originated in byzantium
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Medieval Period
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- Came after Rome's decline!
- backwardness state - decentralized, no political organization |
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Great Age of Migrations
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EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD
- Europe continued to undergo numerous invasions by barbarian tribes formed uncivilized, short kingdoms |
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Bantu
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- spread ironworking
- spread agriculture - spread linguistics - transformed many agricultural societies into stable societies |
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Nubia
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became an important corridor for trade between the north and the south
traded gold linked africa to the meditteranean |
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Meroe
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lots of iron production occurred here!!!!
capitol city of Nubia! |
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Olmecs
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Created the mother civilization of central mexico
had written language arose without a river valley! |
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Teotihuacan
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near mexico city
one of the world's largest cities |
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Chavin
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formed heavily urban societies
most important domesticated animal was the llama advanced culture, no river valley |
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Earth Mounds
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build by societies in north america (ceremonial and religious purposes)
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Anasazi
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ancient ones
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