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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Natural Features
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Lacedeamonia
Plain of Laconia (14km x 5km) W - Taygetus Mt Range, N - Arcadian Mt Range, E - Parnon Mt Range Eurotas River Cold winters & hot summers |
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Resources
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Stone - porphyry, marble
Minerals & Ores - iron, copper, tin, lead, clay Crops - wheat, barley, grapes, figs Animals - sheep, goats, pigs, chicken, bees, hare, wild bore Marine Life - shellfish, octopus |
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Issues of Lycurgus:
Lycurgus |
Lawgiver who sought help from Delphic Oracle
Different accounts on births, travels, death and activites Changes introduced in the form of the Great Rhetra |
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Issues of Lycurgus:
Great Rhetra |
Dated 7th Century BC
Foundation document of Spartan Constitution Redistribution of land Creation of the Gerousia Declaring gold and silver coinage invalid (debated) |
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Two Kings
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Dual kingship - one from Agaid Clans other from Eurypontids
Succeeded by eldest son except when eldest son was born before succession and a son was born during Nearest kinsmen to succeed if no son Ephors decided what was constitutional or not |
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Role & Privleges of Two Kings:
Religious |
Held two priesthoods - Zeus Lacedaemonois and Zeus Uranios
Pythioi - appointed to concult Delphic Oracle Expected to sacrifice to Apollo each month Held office so long as they maintained pleasure of Gods Given seats of honour at festivals |
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Role & Privileges of Two Kings:
Military |
Supreme leader of army during wartime
Unlimited power over life and death of toops Personal body guard of 300 men Only one went to war Responsible for conduct of military campaign Recieved part of the booty from war |
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Role & Privileges of Two Kings:
Judicial |
Legal matters pertaining to public highways
Legal matters regarding adoption Deciding a husband for an heiress if father died |
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Role & Privileges of Two Kings:
Privileges |
Supported at the expense of the state
Recieved minor honours Recieved skins of sacrificed animals Banquet - seated first, served first, offered double portions Death - 10 day mourning period, ceased business |
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Government:
Ephorate |
Five magistrates - ephors
One from each oba (territorial region) Any Spartiate over 30 eligible Elected annually by Spartiates One year term, could not be re-elected Chief administrators and executives of state Called meetings of ekklesia and gerousia Banish foreigners from states Investigate, fine, sentence to death or exile a king |
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Government:
Gerousia |
Council of Elders
28 members plus 2 Kings Formed an aristocratic elite Males over 60 eligble Held office for life Prepared business and agenda for ekklesia Deliberates public policy Right to impose loss of citizenship rights, death or exile Power to annul decisions of ekklesia |
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Government:
Ekklesia |
Paella
Attended by those over 30 who held full citizenship Power to ratify foreign treaties Responsible for passing measure put before it Elected ephors, elders and other magistrates |
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Social Structure:
Spartiates |
Homoioi
Full-time profesional soldier Had to be born to two Spartiate parents and survived infantile fitness test on Mt. Taygetus Given a kleros Could not partake in trade Held all political power |
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Social Structure:
Perioeci |
'Dwellers Around'
Free inhabitantes of communities scattered throughout Messenia and Laconia Communities were autonomous but answerable to state Craftsmen and manufacturers Not eligible to take part in government Expected to fight in military campaign |
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Social Structure:
Outcasts - Tresantes |
Criminals or cowards deprived of social decree
Sit alone at festival Unable to marry Wore speical clothes and went unshaven Had to be avoided |
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Social Structure:
Outcasts - Hypomeiones |
Lost citizenship for failing to fultil obligations, failed the agoge or could not maintain syssition contribution
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Social Structure:
Outcasts - Parthenai |
Children of helot mothers and Spartan fathers
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Social Structure:
Outcasts - Neodamodes |
Helots who became freedmen through service in war
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Social Structure:
Outcasts - Mothocles |
Sons of helots who had been taken into Spartiate households
Used a play companions and foster brothers Subsequently shared in agoge training |
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Social Structure:
Helots |
Enslaved Messenian and Laconian population
Owned by the state No political or legal rights Required to hand over half of their produced to masters Could be rewarded with citizenship 170,000 - 224,000 Revolted in 465BC and took 10 years to subdue |
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Role of the Spartan Army
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Whole society aimed at producing a strong fighting force of great warriors
In 669BC defeated by Argives - humiliation caused Sparta's military change Hippeis - 300 knights who guarded king Rhipsaspia - dester who returned without sheild Phalanx - 8 rank deep formation |
