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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What happened when Caesar tried to sail to Greece in pursuit of Pompey?
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-He lost a lot of man power and didn't have many supplies as well
-Should not have even had a chance in winning the battle of pharsalus |
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-What was Pompey's general tactic in dealing with Caesar?
-Why did he abandon this tactic? |
-Pompey was going to wait Caesar out considering he did not have many supplies or men
-He abandoned tactic because the senate wanted him to engage Caesar in battle |
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How did Caesar get involved with Cleopatra?
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-He got dragged into the Ptolemy issues of who was going to rule -- asked to intervene and decide for them
-Cleopatra seduces him in order to be declared the queen of Egypt -Caesar and Cleopatra form an alliance - personal and political |
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-Why and where did Cato the Younger kill himself?
-What is his postmortem reputation? |
-Committed suicide at Utica
-Killed himself because he didn't want to come under Caesar's control -Remembered as hero of the Republic -He is a symbol of the death of the Republic |
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Against what enemy was Caesar planning a campaign after his return to Rome in 45BC?
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-Wanted to subdue the Parthians in the East
-Wanted to recapture the standards that Crassus had lost |
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-Why did Caesar reform the calendar?
-Impact of this reform? |
-Created the Julian calendar
-Did so because Roman year and solar year were off by about 3 months -Much like the calendar we have today |
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-What changes did Caesar make to the senate?
-From what Roman provinces did senators now come? |
-Increased number of senate from 600 to 900
-Did so because of different and new social backgrounds of people from Spain and Gaul -Increased number of quaestors and praetors |
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-What was nomination?
-How did Caesar use it? -Potential problems? |
-Nomination means Caesar can just name someone into office -- there was no election
-Uses it in order to do an end run around election -- can use his own people in various offices -Makes him look like a dictator |
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Why did Caesar limit the grain dole?
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-Takes some of the pressures off of the Roman treasury by limiting how much the grain is subsidized
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-Who were the Allobroges?
-What role did they play in the conspiracy? |
-A Gallic tribe that played both sides
-Double-agents in the conspiracy |
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-What was Catiline's social background?
-Why was he particularly irritated to lose the consulship to Cicero? |
-From a patrician family that was not recently distinguished
-In a lot of debt from continually losing two consular elections -Catiline felt he was due this election and didn't think Cicero deserved it |
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-What were the tabulae novae?
-Who was in favor of this? |
-Universal cancellation of debt
-Catiline's plan |
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-Why does the senate pass an SCU?
-Was Catiline its target? |
-Because Cicero claims that there was an attempted assassination on his life
-Senate wanted more information -Catiline was not its target but does believe the rumors partially |
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-What did Cicero do when Catiline attended the senate?
-How did Catiline respond? |
-Cicero denounced Catiline in a speech
-Catiline called Cicero an immigrant |
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Why did Catiline leave Rome, in his own words?
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-He didn't want to stir up strife
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-What reason did Manlius give to defend the revolution?
-How did his agenda differ from Catiline's? |
-He felt he had no choice and that he had been forced b/c laws weren't protecting debtors
-Catiline's agenda is different b/c he was more mad that he was shut out of the consulship and he was not clearly implicated in a revolution |
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-Who was Lentulus?
-What role did he play in the conspiracy? -What happened to him? |
-Lentulus = senator
-High-ranking official - involved in a revolution -Letters -Arrested and executed |
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Why did the Allobroges betray the conspiracy?
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-They realize that if they lose, they are in huge trouble
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What was the significance of Caesar making himself dictator in perpetuum?
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-dictator for life
-Did so in preparation for a fight in the he East against the Parthians |
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How does Caesar's assassination echo aspects of Romulus's death?
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-Both were assassinated by senators
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What Republican "value" did the assassins of Caesar claim to be upholding?
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-Claimed to be upholding and defending liberty and the republic
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-Where was Caesar killed?
-Significance? |
-Stabbed on the Ides of March
-In the theater that Pompey built -Caesar defeated Pompey at Pharsalus |
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-How did Roman citizen initially react to the news of Caesar's death?
-What changed their minds? |
-Initially they were happy
-Caesar's will changed their minds |
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What decisions did the senate reach when it met two days after Caesar's assassination?
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-No action against assassins
-All of Caesar's deed ratified |
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What role did Marc Antony play in the days immediately after Caesar's death?
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-Was consul
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What happened to Cleopatra and the son fathered by Caesar?
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-Went back to Egypt
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-Who was Octavian?
-How was someone so young able to challenge Antony for power? |
-Octavian = Caesar's grandnephew
-Heir and had support from veterans |
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Why did Cicero leave Rome shortly after Caesar's assassination in 44BC?
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-Unhappy with Antony's efforts to position himself as Caesar's political heir
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-What were the Philippics?
-What inspired their composition? |
-Series of speeches against Antony
-Thought Antony would restore senatorial authority but he didn't |
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-Why did Antony set siege to Mutina?
-How did Octavian get official imperium to intervene? |
-Antony was desperate to have
-Realizes that it is a losing battle to fight for the hearts of the Romans -Cicero persuades the senate and consuls to support Octavian and give him imperium |
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What did Antony do immediately after Mutina?
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He joins forces with Lepidus who controlled the Roman army
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Describe the circumstances that led to Octavian becoming consul
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-First he decides that he is done after Cicero and other consul are killed
-Then he insisted he be elected consul after Antony joins forces with Lepidus -Marches on Rome when the senate refuses -Senate obeys his command when they realize they don't have enough power |
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-In what way was the 2nd Triumvirate different from the 1st?
-What was the first priority for the 2nd Triumvirate? |
-2nd Triumvirate was legally binding
-Priority = punishment of Caesar's assassins |
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-What happened to Caesar's assassins?
-Where? |
They committed suicide in Macedonia rather than be taken captive
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What was the symbolic significance of the deaths of Brutus and Cassius?
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Symbolizes the end of the Republic
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What did Octavian do after the Battle of Philippi?
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Returned to Italy to settle the veterans
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Why did the 2nd Triumvirate use proscriptions?
-Why did Antony add Cicero to the list? -Octavian's response? |
-Had no way of paying the troops so used land confiscations and proscriptions
-Cicero added because he had directly opposed Antony in the period leading up to Mutina -Octavian didn't object |
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What did Octavian do that required Antony to return to Italy from the East in 40BC?
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-Octavian took over Antony's province of Gaul
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-How did Octavian reaffirm his alliance with Antony?
-What Roman territories did Octavian control after Brundisium? Antony? |
-Marries Octavia to Antony
-Octavian in the West -Antony in the East -Lepidus in Africa |
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-Who was Sextus Pompey?
-Why did Octavian finally confront him with military force? |
-Surviving son of Pompey
-Pompey had waged pretty successful wars against Octavian in Naples and Messina |
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What did Lepidus do that led to his removal from the 2nd Triumvirate and exile?
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Tried to seize power from Octavian after defeat of Sextus by demanding that Sextus' troops surrender to him rather than Octavian
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-Why did Antony remain in the East after Philippi?
-Name two things he was doing there |
-Raising money for his troops
-Looking for land to settle his veterans -Dealing with disloyal rulers -Parthian Campaign |
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-What instigated Antony's confrontation with the Parthians after Philippi?
-How did this war end? |
-Parthians saw the confrontations between assassins and triumvirate as an opportunity to seize control of Roman territories in the east
-Antony wants to get the standards back from the Parthians |
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-How many children did Antony have with Cleopatra?
-How can we explain the fact that he also had a family with Octavia, his legal wife? |
-3 with Cleopatra
-He had an affair |
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Why did the alliance between Antony and Octavian finally end?
What did Octavian do to try to get the upper hand? |
-Triumvirate broke down
-Octavian launches propaganda war |
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What was the significance of Antony's donation of Roman land to his children by Cleopatra?
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Wasn't his personal land, it was Rome's land
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Why did Antony's declaration of Caesarion as Caesar's son and heir threaten Octavian?
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Because he was the natural and blood heir to Caesar whereas Octavian was just adopted
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Why did Octavian declare war against Cleopatra and Egypt rather than Antony?
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Because then it wouldn't look like a civil war, it would be a foreign war
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Where did Antony and Octavian finally face off in war?
Outcome? |
Actium
-Antony and Cleopatra escaped Octavian's blockade and met up in Alexandria where they both committed suicide |
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Why did Cleopatra kill herself?
-How did she do it? |
-So she wouldn't be captured and paraded in a triumph
-By a snake (bite of an Asp) |
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How does the Roman poet Horace characterize Cleopatra and her death?
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Says she is brave and courageous -- like the men
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What happened to the son of Caesar and Cleopatra (Ptolemy Caesar/Caesarion)?
Why? |
He was executed when Octavian's forces took over Egypt
-Did so because he was a threat to his power |
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What happened to the children of Antony and Cleopatra?
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Taken back to Rome and raised by Octavia
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-Why did Augustus want to reinstitute the republican form of government after Actium?
-How did this distinguish from his adoptive father Julius Caesar? |
-Octavian claims to have restored the Republic -- had a desire to rule according to law
-He gave up some of his authority back to the senate, Casesar never did (Caesar had ignored the senate) |
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Explain the difference between auctoritas and imperium
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-Auctoritas = authority
-Imperium = power -Imperium is given to an individual when they took command of legions -Authority is personal authority -- given to you by others that allows you to rule over them -- not legal |
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What is maius imperium?
Why is it important? |
-Greater Power
-Greater and more powerful than others |
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What motivated Augustus to call the 2nd Constitutional Settlement?
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-A need to create a more formal, legal authority for Augustus' rule
-Motivated by a senatorial plot to overthrow him and serious illness |
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Why did Augustus refuse to hold a consulship even though he wore the insignia of the consuls?
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-Realizes that the consulship doesn't have the type of power he needs to do what he wants
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-What was the Pontifex Maximus?
-Why might it appeal to Augustus to hold this office? |
-Chief priest
-Religious role -He has all this authority and power and NOW he has and can take on a number of religious functions |
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-How did Augustus change the constituency of the senate (i.e. who its members were)?
-Did he allow open elections? |
-Got rid of unworthy members
-Instituted a minimum wealth requirement -Lessened the numbers back to 600 -Allowed open elections, but did recommend candidates |
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What was the primary motivation for being a senator under Augustus?
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-Senate becomes the cream of the crop
-Wants it to be a privileged office again |
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-How did Augustus treat the equestrian class?
-Why? |
-Loved them
-Not threatening -Went to them for advice |
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What was the primary reason for Augustus' success in consolidating his victory over Antony and remaining in power for several decades?
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-Stability
-Focused everyone to peace and stability -Undertook substantial social and economic reform |
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-Name two ways that Augustus professionalized the Roman military
-Why was marriage not permitted? |
-Made it voluntary, not a draft
-State now payed them -Marriage not permitted b/c he didn't want to deal with complications of moving families |
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Why did Augustus not permit senators to command legions, as was traditional in the republic?
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Can avoid a coup if anyone who could lead a coup doesn't have legions
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How did Augustus manage the Parthians?
-What was the significance of getting the standards back? |
-Through diplomacy rather than force
-Nobody had been able to successfully deal with them and get the standards back |
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Name two ways that Augustus was "present" in the provinces even when back in Rome
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-Coinage
-Busts -Temples -Statues -Written decrees -Public inscriptions |
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-How did Augustus feel about the practice of imperial cult?
-What version did he permit? |
-Discouraged it
-Permitted people to worship him along with the goddess Roma |
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-What divinity ruled over the golden age?
-What role did Justice play? |
-Primordial peace, harmony, stability, and prosperity
-Justice lives on the Earth and is part of the people -- Age of Saturn |
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Name three values traditionally associated with Augustus's Golden Age
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-Pax = peace
-Concordia = harmony -Pietas = devotion to family and country -Mos maiorum = respect for tradition -Iustitia = justice -Libertas = freedom, especially of peace -Religio =respect for religion |
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Besides peace, what other values/ideologies does the Ara Pacis celebrate?
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-Monument to Augustan peace
-Family -Rebirth |
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What episode in Augustus's life is highlighted on the breastplate of the Prima Porta Augustus?
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Victory over Philippi
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-What figure is at the foot of the Prima Porta Augustus?
-Significance of this figure? |
-Cupid is pulling at the bottom of his toga
-Symbol of the fact that Augustus and Julio-Claudians trace their lineage back to Rome's original founders |
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Why did Augustus devote so many resources to building projects in Rome?
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Felt Rome was a second class city and that it was as pretty
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When did he begin the temple to Deified Julius?
-Why did he undertake construction |
In 42BC
-Wants to make sure his fathered is deified because now he is a son of a god |
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What battle did the Temple to Mars Ultor commemorate?
-Where in Rome can the remains of this temple be found? |
-Augustus promised this when he defeated the assassins of Caesar
-In the Forum of Augustus |
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What message was Augustus trying to convey when he built the Mausoleum?
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-Family tomb
-Planning for a family dynasty |
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Who traditionally participated in urban patronage?
-How did this practice differ under Augustus? |
-Elite and wealthy
-Augustus restricted people from donating buildings and kept it to almost all himself |
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-Who was Marcellus?
-Significance of a stone theater constructed by a member of Augusts's family? |
-Augustus's son
-Built to rival theater of Pomey |
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Who did Augustine entrust with the task of renovation Rome's aqueduct system?
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Agrippa
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How did Roman engineers ensure that water flowed downhill over uneven landscapes when bringing it to the city from distant sources?
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By constructing aquifers
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Where did Augustus die?
-Where was he buried? -What month is named after him? |
-In Nola
-Cremated near Mausoleum and ashes interred -Sextilis renamed "August" |
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Explain the important change that Augustus made to the system of taxation in the provinces
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-Direct taxation in provinces
-Collection done by employees of Rome, not private citizens |
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Who gave the eulogy for Augustus?
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Tiberius
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-Who was Postumus Agrippa?
-Why was he killed shortly after Augustus's death? |
-Grandson of Augustus
-Killed because could challenge Tiberius' Princeps |
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What evidence is there that Augustus did not originally intend to have his successor be a family member?
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Initially he didn't have a son, only a daughter, so would give it to Agrippa
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What family member(s) did Augustus first home would be his successor?
-why did this not happen? |
Agrippa
-Then has him marry Julia and has kids Lucius and Gaius -- they can succeed him |
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-Why was Tiberius originally not a top choice for successor of Augustus?
-How did Augustus mark Tiberius as his intended successor? |
-Because he retires from Rome
-Marries Julia -Lucius, Gaius, and Drusus died |
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Why was Tiberius less popular than Augustus with the Roman people?
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-Didn't spend a lot of time in Rome
-Didn't spend a lot of money on making Rome better |
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What did Tiberius do that established the praetorian guard as a permanent influence in Roman politics?
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-Sejanus
-Created a permanent place to live -24 hour palace guard |
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Describe two ways that Tiberius differed from Augustus in his rule of Rome
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-Lacked ambition and vision
-Left Roman treasury in good shape -Treason trials |
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Why is Tiberius remembered so badly by ancient historians?
-Evidence that he wasn't so bad? |
-Remembered badly because of treason trials
-Remembered as paranoid sociopath -Did leave Roman treasury in good shape -Consolidated Rome's holdings |
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-How did Caligula establish himself as Tiberius's successor?
-What was the response of the Roman people? |
-Established as Tiberius's heir in his will
-Initially they loved him |
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How did Caligula initially make peace with the senate?
-What led that relationship to disintegrate? -How did the senate exact revenge? |
-Restored senatorial authority
-Relationship disintegrated when he pandered to people and dressed as various gods in public -Senate got revenge when praetorian guard assassinated him |
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-What result did the senatorial assassins of Caligula hope for
-How did Claudius undermine their plans? |
-Hoped to restore the Republic and dominate role of senate
-Claudius named princeps by praetorian guard and weakened their power and alienated the senate |
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What evidence was trying to mend bridges with the senate during his reign?
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Frequently consulted thema and revived office of censor
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-Who made up the majority of Claudius's close supervisors in the imperial palace?
-Why? |
-Freedmen
-Had talent -Claudius is not going to ignore the talent of someone |
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Name one public works project that Claudius undertook for the benefit of the city of Rome
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-Regularized grain supply in winter
-Construction of new aqueduct and port |
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-Why did Claudius divorce Messaline?
-Why did he marry Agrippina? -What was odd about his marriage to Agrippina? |
-Because Messaline had an affair with a senator
-Married Agrippina because it strengthened his position -Agrippina is his niece |
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-Why did Claudius make Nero his heir instead of his natural son Britannicus?
-Why might Nero have wanted Britannicus dead after he became Princeps? |
-Britannicus was too young
-Because Britannicus was a threat to his Princeps |
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Who was Seneca?
-What role did he play in Nero's youth and the first years of his principate? |
Seneca wrote about the cover up of Agrippina
-Seneca wants her dead |
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-How did Claudius die?
-In what ways does Seneca mock Claudius postmortem? |
-From poisonous mushrooms
-Pumpkinification -- satire -- parody of the traditional thing to do after an emperor's death |
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-What was Agrippina's relationship to Nero?
-How did she die? -Why might Nero have wanted her dead? |
-Nero had the praetorian guard kill her
-Nero realizes she is a threat |
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-What did Nero do in the immediate aftermath of the fire of 64?
-In what ways does this representation in the writings of ancient historians? |
-Accused of taking land for construction of new imperial palace
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-What was the Pisonian conspiracy?
-Why did it fail? |
-Plot led by senators to overthrow Nero
-Failed b/c no real organization |
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-Who was Poppaea?
-How did she die? -Nero's reaction to her death? |
-Nero's adulteress
-Nero attacked her -Nero has an elaborate funeral |
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Why might Roman Gauls have been eager to overthrow Nero?
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High taxes because of costly rebuilding efforts from the fire
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What charges did Vindex make against Nero regarding Agrippina?
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Saying he slept with his mother and killed her
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-What role did Verginius Rufus play in the death of Vindex
-Why did Rufus refuse to accept his troops' acclamation of him as emperor? |
-Vindex committed suicide because he didn't want Rufus to take him back and parade him in a triumph
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-Name one option that Nero considered in response to Vindex's revolt?
-What did eventually decide to do? -How did he expect things to turn out? |
-Considered killing all senators, burning Rome, fleeing to Alexandria
-Decided to march on Gaul -Expected to cry and then that the enemy would surrender |
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-What did the senate do after Vindex's revolt?
-How did Nero respond? |
-They declared Nero an enemy of the state
-Nero tried to escape and eventually committed suicide very reluctantly |
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-How did the people in the city of Rome react initially to Nero's death, according to what ancient historians said?
-What evidence contradicts this claim? |
-Initially people celebrated the end of tyranny
-Many people continued to be loyal, especially in the Greek East |
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-What is a false Nero?
-Where did these appear? |
-False Nero = people who appeared in the East that claimed to be Nero and said that he didn't die
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-How did Otho become emperor?
-How did he position himself vis-a-vis Nero? |
-Otho overthrew Galba with aid of praetorian guards
-He encouraged identification with Nero and completed construction on Domus Aurea -Called himself Nero Otho |
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Why might Romans have been eager to accept Vespasian as their new emperor?
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-Because there was a lack of stability and unity in Rome at the time
-Looming threat of civil war |
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-What did lex de imperio Vespasiani do?
-What was the significance of this law? |
-Specified powers and rights of the emperor
-Shift from personal to legal authority -Powers of emperor limited now, b/c rules specifically written down |
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-What title did Vespasian adopt?
-How did this distinguish him from the Julio-Claudian emperors? |
-Adopted the title Imperator rather than Princeps
-Julio-Claudians were Princeps |
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Describe one way that Vespasian distanced himself from the memory of Nero?
-Why might he have done this? |
-One way he distanced himself is by not being subtle about putting in place his sons as his heir
-Did so b/c he wanted to justify the rise of a new family dynasty |
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-Who destroyed the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem in 70AD?
-Significance of this event? |
Titus
-This was the end of the Jewish Temple -- never rebuilt after this -Becomes a remembrance for the Jews -Can no longer make sacrifices |
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-What happened at Masada in 73AD according to Josephus?
-Historical evidence for this? |
-Pockets of resistance remained here
-Refused to come out and taunted Titus -They set everything on fire and committed mass suicide -There is no historical evidence for this |
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-Where did Vespasian station army recruits?
-Why? |
-Outside of their homeland
-Did so b/c thought it would help deal with local revolts |
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Name one natural disaster that confronted Titus during his reign
|
-Vesuvius
-Great Fire |
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In what ways did Domitian distinguish himself before becoming emperor?
|
-Not a successful military man
-Hadn't held the same type of offices that Titus had |
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Describe two ways Domitian positioned himself as the heir of Augustus, as ushering in a new Golden Age for Rome
|
-Extensive building program
-Revalued Roman coinage -Strengthened border defenses |
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-What was the significance of the site of the Flavian Amphitheater?
-What function did the amphitheater have? |
-Convenient for everyone
-Meant for entertainment |
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Why did Domitian erect a temple to his father and brother?
|
-To show his respect for tradition and family
-Devotion to father -Show family loyalty -Celebrate the Flavians |
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What victory did the Triumphal Arch of Titus commemorate?
|
Celebrated Titus' exploits around the Roman empire and in Judaea
|
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What was Domitian's relationship with the Roman senate?
|
BAD
-alienated them |
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-What part of the Roman people remained loyal to the memory of Domitian after his death?
-Why? |
-Roman people liked him
-Not the senate |
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What was the alimenta?
|
Child support system put in place by Nerva
|
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-Why did Nerva adopt Trajan?
-Significance of this for imperial succession? |
-He was a soldier from Spain who rose to prominence under Domitian
-Not from Rome, From Spain |
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What role did the aqueduct play for the disposal for human waste?
|
-Provided hygenic water and would carry away the waste water
|
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-When was the Cloaca Maxima constructed?
-What was its original purpose? |
600BC
-To drain low-lying swamps |
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-What was a cesspit?
-Why was this mode of waste disposal less preferable in Rome? |
-Hole in ground to pee or poop in
-During floods, the nastiness would rise |
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What advantage was there to the circular construction in a latrine?
|
-Less of a chance of waste getting stuck
|
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Who cleaned the sewers?
-Describe some dangers of this job |
-Slaves, POW, Convicts
-Could slip in the sewers and drown, get bit by snakes or rats -Poisonous gas |
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Name two way that Romans warded off toilet demons
|
Used magical statements and symbols in the toilet area
|
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What term did Trajan use on his coinage to define himself?
|
Optimus Princeps
|
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-How did Trajan distinguish himself from Domitian?
-From Vespasian? |
-Had good relations with the senate and rejected Domitian's dominus et dues
-Returned to the ideal of Princeps |
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-What was the "beneficial ideology"?
-Was Trajan the first to claim to practice this? |
-Emperor as a loving parent who provides for his "children"
-Yes |
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What use did the Markets of Trajan have in Rome?
|
Ancient version of a massive shopping mall
|
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What victory does Trajan's Column commemorate?
|
Victory over the Dacian's
-Story told in the panels that wind up the column |
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-What was a curator ("caretaker")?
-What role did they play in provincial management? |
-They managed problems in provinces and report back to Trajan
|
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What advice did Trajan give Pliny concerning the Christians in Bithynia?
|
-Told him not to get involved and to let them manage their own issues
|
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-What wish did the senate give to all new emperors after Trajan?
-In general, what is Trajan's posthumous reputation? |
Luckier/happier than Augustus and better than Trajan
|
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What principle guided Hadrian in establishing a line of succession?
|
-All men had ties to Southern Gaul and Spain
-Regional dynasty |
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Compare the policies of Trajan and Hadrian on the issue of Roman expansion
|
-Hadrian focused on consolidation
-Trajan focused on expansion |
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-Why did the Jews revolt during Hadrian's reign?
-Hadrian's response? -Name on consequence of the revolt's suppression for Jews |
-Hadrian established a veteran colony there and prohibited circumcision
-Devastated Jewish population and took a serious toll on Jerusalem -Judaea renamed Syria Palestina and Jews prohibited from entering Jerusalem |
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-Why did Hadrian construct a mausoleum?
-What earlier roman emperor constructed a mausoleum? |
-Not a family burial site, but rather a site for members of his adopted family
-Augustus build a mausoleum |
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How did Hadrian die?
|
Natural causes after attempting suicide many times
|
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-What sort of interest did Marcus Aurelius have in philosophy?
-How did he engage with philosophy while on campaign? |
-He was a philosopher and wrote"Meditations" while on military campaign
-He corresponded with his tutor, Fronto |
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-What attitude did Marcus Aurelius have about being emperor?
-What talents did he bring to the office? |
-He was reluctant to be emperor
-Good at delegating |
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-Who was Faustina?
-What was her claim to fame? |
-His wife and 1st cousin
-She was daughter of Antoninus Pius -She was FERTILE -- had 13 children but 5 survived |
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-Who succeeded Marcus Aurelius as emperor?
-How did this succession alter the principle of succession that had operated since Trajan? |
-His son, Commodus
-He ended the line of "adopted" emperors |