Ancient History: Wonders Of The World

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Hanging Gardens of Babylon

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--Built by the Assyrian Queen Semiramis around 810-805 BC. or built by Nebuchadnezzar II (605-565 BC).
--Robert Koldewey identified arched substructure of what may have been a terraced garden.
--Set in the corner of a palace and towering over Ishtar Gate with blue enameled reliefs of bulls and dragons.

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Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

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Ephesus, Turkey
Anatolia, Asia Minor
Diana
---The Artemision or Temple of Artemis (Diana), at Ephesus in Ionia was famous since 560BC when a mmonumental temple was erected by Chersiphron and his son Metagenes of Crete.
Columns of the porch carried reliefs of mythical characters and inscriptions recording donations by King Croesus of Lydia.
--Finest example of early Ionic architecture burned in the rebellion of 356 BC.
--It was rebuilt on a higher base and decorated by Scopas and Apelles.

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Statue of Zeus at Olympia

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Olympia, Greece
Jupiter
Pshidias
--Most celebrated ancient statue because of its size, beauty, and costliness.
--It was chryselephantine--made of gold and ivory.
--Famous Athenian sculptor Phidias made the seated figure (436-432BC) in a special workshop behind the temple.
--The figure sat on an elaborate throne covered with ebony, glass, and gemstone inlays as well as sculptres and paintings of Greek myths and legends.
--The flesh was ivory and the drapery gold. The head nearly touched the ceiling (40 ft. high) was a blue black stone basin filled with oil to protect itform the damp air of Olympia.

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Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

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--Located Bodrum, Turkey ( Ionia)
Asia Minor, Antolia,
Scopas
King Masclus
Queen Artemisia
--Given its anme to all subsequent tomb monuments. Mausolus, was honored with this tomb by his queen, Artemisia (350BC).
--The architects Satyros and Phythois designed a templelike marble tomb with an Ionic colonnade on a high base surrouneded by lions.
--The roof was 24 step pyramid on the peak of which stood a chariot.

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--The famous sculptors, Timotheus, Bryaxis, Leochares, and Scopas created the frieze--depicting Amazons battling heroes.
--Sits in the British museum.

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The Colossus of Rhodes

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The citizens of Rhodes used their booty to erect a thank offering ot their divine patrol Helios. Charles of Lindos (292-280 BC) built a bronze statue of the nude young god wearing a sun-ray crown and looking out to sea.
--Must have been 120 ft hgih on a bse of white marble and larger than any other statute.
--It stood beside the harbor. Colossus broke during an earthquake.
--Remained a wonder until the Arab invasion (AD 653) when it was broken up and sold for scrap metal.

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Temple of Karnak

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Karnak, a village on the Nile at the norther extremity of Luxor is the site of the greatest assembly of ancient temples in Egypt.
--Spread about 120 acres and range in date over 2,000 years.
The largest and most important is the temple of Amun.

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Babylonia

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1800-1500 BC
The original settlers of Babylon were a grou of people from the Arabian Desert known as the Morites
By 1750BC Hammurabi had conquered the unified the Fertiel Crescent from the Persian Gulf to Syria.
--He was most know for his great law code, which included major features.
Law of penalty According to Rank (in cases involving unequal classes, the punishment vgiven would depnend on the class of the victim and the criminal.
Major contributions:
a published code of laws and punishments for crimes
development of science of astronomy
an economic system based on money

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Collosseum in Rome

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--Rhodes
Agean Sea
Heliosapolis Charles
The Colosseum is the popular name for the Flavian Amphitheater in Rome. It was named because the amphitheater stood next to a colossal 120 Ft. statue of Nero.
Construction started under Vespasian (AD69).
Exterior walls were of travertine, the inner walls of tufa, and the valting of the ramped seatin gareas of monolithic concrete.
Still stands

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Pantheon

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Built in Rome (AD 118-28) during the reign of Emperor Hadrian.
The Pantheon is the best preserved and most impressive of all Roman buildings.
Enormous influence over western archtecture.
Designed and built by Hadrian to replace an earlier temple.
Immense found temple covered by a single dome.

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Light House

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Phates
Egypt
Alexandria
Mediterannean Sea
Sostratus

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Pyramids

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Egypt
Giza
Khufu
Khafre
Menicare
Cheops
Chephron
Aycieribus
Niler

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Palace of Persepolis

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Great Temple of Abu Simbel

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Great Sphinx at Giza

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Zigguart of Ur

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1. The Pyramids of Giza

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--Built about 4500 year sgo
--located outside of Cairo
--Largest pyramid build by Khufu (or Cheops)had an estimated original height of 482 ft.
--The Great Pyramid was built of more than 2 million blocks, each weighing about 2/1/2 tons.
Aligned as perfect square with the sides facing the four cardinal points of the compass.
--The second pyramid was built by Chephren.
--The third and smallest is the Pyramid of Mycerinus.
The Sphinx is another of Giza's extraordinary features. It bears the head of Pharoah Ghephren on top of a lion's body.
Only of the wonders still standing.

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2. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

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--Near the Euphrates River in Iraq.
--4,000 years ago, Bablon was the capital of one of the great empires of the ancient world.
Bablon became the capital under two emperors. Nabopolassar and his son, Nebuchdnezzar.
Garden was constructed becuase Nebuchadnezsar's wife, Anuhia, missed the hills of her Persian homeland.
--Build to a height of 328 feet--extraordinary architectural and engineering accomplishment.

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3. The Zeus (Jupiter) at Olympia

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Famed statue of the mightiest of the Greek gods (adopted by the Romans as Jupiter).
Completed about 435 BC, it was 40 feet tall and carved of ivory and gold, with Zeus seated upon a great cedar throne.
Not located on Mount Olympous, but in the Great Temple in the Plains of Olympia in southern Greece, which the ancient Olympic games were held.
Roman Emperor Caligula wanted to carry the statue to Rome;
Another Roman emperor, Theodosius did have the statue moved to Constantinople where it was destroyed.
Nothing remains of the statue of Zeus.

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4. The Temple of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus

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Completed around 323 BC and was the most beautiful of the ancient wonders, built to honor the daughter of Zeus and sister of the sun-god Apollo.
Ephesus was an ancient Greek city on the Aegean coastline in what is now Turkey.
127 marble columns, each 60 ft. high, the temple was large and architecturally astonishing.
Destroyed in AD 262 by Goth invaders, the temple site was later buried beneath a river who course had changed.
Some remnants of its renowned columns are preserved in the British Museum.

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5. The Tomb of King Mausolus at Halicarnassus

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Located in modern coastal Turkish city of Bodrum.
Monument erected in memory of King Mausolus of Caria, a province of the Persian Empire in Asia Minor, who died in 353 BC
Artemisia also died before the work was comple.
The finished shrine in honor of Mausolus was a pyramid resting on a square base.
Atop the pyramid was a sculpture of a horse-drawn chariot in which the king stood.
Sculptor was Sopas

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6. The Colossus of Rhodes

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Located 12 miles from the coast of Turkey, the island of Rhodes is today a part of Greeece.
In the year 312, BC a year was fought between Rhodes and the Greek state of Macedon.
After Rhodes survived an attack, a statue in honor of the god Apollo was commissioned to be cast from metal taken from captured Macedonian weapons.
Built by the sculptor Chares, the solossal statue took 12 years to complete.

The Colossus representeng Apollo Helios towered over the harbor at Rhodes.
According to legend, Chares thought he had made a mistake in the figure's proportions and killed himself.
50 years after its completion, the statue was destroyed by an earthquake.
The pieces were still there in the first century AD according to the Roman historian Pliny.

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7. The Pharos Lighthouse

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Build in 270 BC on the small island of Pharos off the coast of Egypt, the lighthouse stood outside the port of Alexandria, the world's cultural capital since its founding in 332 BC by Alexander the Great.
desgined by the Greek architect Sosstratus, the white marbel lighthouse stood 440 feet high.
A fire burned continuously in a brazier at the top of the lighthouse to provide a beacon for Mediterranean shipping.

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What is the geography of Mesopotamia?

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Mes means "land between the rivers" and was the eastern half of the fertile crescent (an arc of land from the persian Gulf to the Red Sea above the Arabian Desert)

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What were the two main regions of Mesopotamia?

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Assyria in the North and Babylonia (Sumer & Akkad) in the South.

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Describe the government of Sumer (3300-2350 BC).

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Until 2500 BC, Sumer was a region of independent city-states.
Cities had their own self government and not under any higher form of government. Many were ruled as theocracies (governments ruled by religious leaders.)

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Describe Sumer after 2500 BC

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Wars and constant invasions.
Most city-states became military monarchies.
Government ruled by military leaders who inherited power.

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Describe the culture of Sumer

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Ur was the leading city-state.
Each city-state had a ziggurat that served as a multi-functional building (see handout)
their religion was polytheistic and anthropormorphic.
They developed cultural diffusion (the practice of spreading new ideas and products from one place to another.

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What were some of the major contributions of Sumer

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They developed one of the earlist writing systems called cuneiform.
They invented the wheel, the plow, and the potters wheel.
They developed the world's first alloy (bronze = copper & tin)
They also developed a 60 base number system that led to our time units.

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Sumerians and the ziggurants.

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Sumerians built impressive ziggurants for them and offered rich sacrifices of animals, food, and wine.

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Describe the life of Sumerian Society

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The beginning of a social classes.
Top of the Classes: kings, landholders and some priests made up the highest level in Sumerian society.
Next: Wealthy merchants ranked next.
Next: The vast majority of ordinary Sumerian people worked with their hands in fields and workshops.
Lowest level: slaves. Some slaves were foreigners who had been captured in war. Others had been sold into slavery to pay a debt of their family.
Sumerian women had rights.

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Describe Sumerian contribution to science and technology.

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Invented the wheel, the sail, and the plow and they were the first o use bronze.
Arithmetic and geometry: They developed a number system in base 60, from which stem the modern units for measuring time (60 seconds=1 minute) and 360 degrees of a circle.
In order to build city walls and buildings, plan irrigation systems, andd survey flood fieds, Sumerians needed arithmetic and geometry.

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What were the Sumerians contribution to architectural innovations

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Arches, columns, ramps, and the pyramid shaped the design of the ziggurat and permananently influenced Mesopotamian civilization.

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Describe the Sumerians contribution to the written language.

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Sumerians created writing. One of the first know maps was made on a clay tablet in about 2300 BC. Other tablets contain some of the oldest written records of scientific investigations in astronomy, chemistry, and medicine.

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Who was Sargon of Akkad?

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Around 2350 BC, a conqueror named Sargon defeated the city-states of Sumer. Largon led his army from Akkad, a city-state north of Sumer.
Akkadians had adopted most aspects of Sumerian culture.
Sargon's conquests helpd to spread the culture even farther, beyond the Tigris-Euphrates valley. He created the first empire.

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What is an empire?

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An empire brings together several peopoles, nations, lor previously independent states under the control of one ruler.
The Akkadian Empire loosely controled land from the Mediterranean Coast in the west to present dday Iran in the east.
His dynasty lasted 200 years.
It declined because of internal fighting, invasions and famine.

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Describe the Bablonian Empire.

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In about 2000BC nomadic warriors known as Ameorites invaded Mesopotamia. Asmorites conquered the Sumerains and established their capital at Bablyon, on the Euphrates River.
The Babylonian Empire reached its peak during the rein of Hammurbi from 1792-BC to 1750 BC.

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Who was Hammurabi?

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Hammurabi was head of the Babylon empire.
His most important legacy is the code of laws he put together.
Hammurabi recognized that a single, uniform code of laws would help to unify the diverse groups within his empire.
He collected existing rules, judgements and laws into the Code of Hammurabi.
He had the code engraved into sotone.