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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nile River
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Alluvial Plain- life flourished along natural 12 mile river region
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Red Land
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desert
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Black Land
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Kemit, black fertile land of the Nile
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Early Dynastic Egypt
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3100-2700
-Unification of Nile River Valley and Delta by by Narmer. -Pharaoh was god and kept things running in Egypt. -Memphis was capital under Narmer, place where unification started, in Lower Egypt |
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Menes (Narmer)
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Unified Egypt in Early Dynastic Period. Became 1st pharaoh. His capital at in Memphis.
-First Pharaoh and established the 1st Dynasty |
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Narmer's Palette
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-Ceremonial gift/eye makeup holder
-Narmer is wearing a crown on upper Egypt on one side and a crown of Lower Egypt on the other side |
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Old Kingdom
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(Pyramid Age)Dunasties IV-VI 2700-2200
-Very stable and prosperous, constructions of pyramids -Burecratic organizations: Pharaoh, Vizier, Nomarchs (Nomes) -Pyramids and Sphinx of Giza |
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Djoser
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Pharaoh of 3rd Dynasty
Pharaoh during Old Kingdom |
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Step Pyramid
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Dynasty III C.2200
-Created for Djoser, designed by Imhotep -Stacked up mastabas, that get narrower -Earliest monumental stone building in the world -Includes tombs for family members and temple for pharaoh worship |
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Giza Pyramids
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Dynasty IV C.2500 (strongest presence of unity)
-Showed absolute power of Pharaoh -Monument of god-like power -Khufu- had the largest pyramid -Khafre -Nenkure- had smallest pyramid because of economic decline |
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Khufu, Khafre
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Khufu's tomb/Pyramid:750ft. high, 2,300,000 blocks of stone that weighed 2.5 tons each, leveled bed rock, required elaborate engineering and mathematics, would have taken 20,000 workers to build, pyramid's shape represents slanting rays of sun directing upwards.
-Archaeologists believe the Sphinx was made at the time of Khuhu, not Khafre, but the Sphinx represents a king's head |
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Middle Kingdon
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2050-1650
-Prosperity and unity, cultural flowering in form of literature -Thebes is capital under Mentuhotep II for half the Middle Kingdom -Itj-towy becomes capital for second half under Amenemht I (good trade connectoons w/Mediterranean and Middle East, good commercial relations, Egypt Expands South, secured NE frontier, boosted trade w/Syria-Palestine area) |
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Mentuhotep (II)
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Founder of 11th Dynasty in Middle Kingdom
-Captial was Thebes, his hometown -Secured borders after invasions from 1st Intermediate Period -Reestablished building -Had a mortuary tomb built for him, not a pyramid, teer with rams and columns all around |
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2nd Intermediate Period
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1650-1540
-Egypt undergoes foreign invasion and take over from the Hyksos ("Princes of the Foreign Land") -Competing dynasties: Itj-towy (13th Dynasty) and Xois 14th Dynasty) -Egypt is fragmented -The Thebe Rebellion: Rebellion in Upper Egypt from family of local princes in Thebes. -Kamose attacks Avaris and Nubia -Ahmose does final expulsion of Hyksos and reunification |
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Hyksos
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"Prince of the Foreign Land"
-Hyksos' captial: Avaris, invade Tell ed-Daba (Delta) -Hyksos took control b/c: 1) lost centralized power in Egypt 2) Key military and technologies advances (Chariots) 3)Chariot driver and archer |
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New Kingdom
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1540-1069 Dynasties 18-20
-Egypt will reach the height of its development -Secured borders and conquered neighbor territories -Ambitious quest for empire -Early pharaohs were war kings -Now have standing army (Army was avenue of social mobility; officer position by pharaoh) |
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18th Dynasty
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New Kingdom
Ahmose (founder) mid-1500BC) ---(Thutmose I, II) Hatshepsut (1470BC) Thutmose III (mid-1400's) Amenhotep III (early 1300's) Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV) 1350BC Tutankhamon (1330's BC) ----(Aye, Horemheb) |
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Ahmose
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mid-1500's BC
-Final expulsion of Hyksos -Reunified Egypt -Founder of 18th Dynasty -1st ruler of New Kingdom |
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Hatshepsut
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1470 18th Dynasty New Kingdom
-Daughter of Thutmose I -Married Thutmose II, Thutmose I son. - Had daughter, so Thutmose II had son with another women also, Thutmose III -First female pharaoh -Thutmose II died when Thutmose III was 10, so Hatshepsut took over -Egypt in prosperity with her, had internal prosperity (commercial ties economy, building) -She managed to rule for about 20 years, then died a natural death (possibly tooth infection) |
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Thutmose III
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mid-1400s 18th Dynasty
-Married Hashepsut's daughter. -Egypt reached great extent of empire with him. -Greatest ruler -Conducted 17 military campaigns in Syria-Palestine -Trade routs from Nubia (gold) and Sudan to Syria-Palestine -Egypt became extremely rich with his conquest -Allowed local cheiftons from conquest territory to stay in power but took their sons and Egyptionized and raised them and then returned them. |
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Akhenaton
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1350 BC 18th Dynasty
-"Horizon of Aton" -His name was Amenhotep IV but changed his name and adapted a new monotheistic religion. -was the oldest pharaoh -like his father, he was not a war leader but more a mystic -Renounced all gods except Aton (source of all light, water, creator god, disk of sun, source of all creations) -established a new captial dedicated to Aton: Amarna -Amarta Letters- didnt pay attention to boarders, local leaders from Syria pleaded for help and reinforcement, but Akhenaton ignored them -Areas were conquered by other regions, mainly Hittites -Egypt was in turmoil after his death |
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Tutakhamon
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1330's BC 18th Dynasty
-9 to 10 years old when he became pharaoh -Ruled for 9 years -his name used to be Tutakhatom, but changed it and bought old religion back -His vizier Aye made most of his decisions for him and became his successor |
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Amon (Amon-Re)
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sun god of polytheistic Egyption religion
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Aton
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"Sun Disk"
-son god on monotheistic Egyption religion, introduced by Akhenaton |
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Osiris
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god of after life and rebirth
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Thebes
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-very large administrative center
-devoted to god Amon-Re -east side was mostly temples for Amon (Amon Re at Karnak and Luxor) -Amenhotep III build temple of Amon-Re at Luxor -West was the places of the pharaohs, administrative center, funerary temples of the pharaohs -Necropolis |
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Valley of the Kings
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West Thebes
-place where pharaohs were buried under ground because pyramids were too expensive and easy for thieves to brake into -Tutakamon was buried there |
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Ramses II
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New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty
-known as "the Great" -reestablished old Egypt boarders -Battle of Kadash -was able to draw line at Kadash, to limit Hittites advances |
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Battle of Kadash
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Egypt v. Hittites
- Ramses II wrote his own account of battle and made himself seem all powerful -peace treaty was signed between two leaders 16 years later |
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ma'at
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Egyptian principle of living, divine principle of harmony, order, truth; people lead their own lives
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hieroglyphics
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form of writing that used pictures and symbols
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Necropolis
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West Thebes
City of the Dead Vally of the Kings, Vally of the Queens, Tombs of the Nobles |
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mastaba
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tombs of nobles
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vizier
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-chief official (2nd hand man, like a prime minister)
-collected taxes, organized grain, military, and chief architectural projects. |
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Nomarchs
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top provincial officials
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Nomes
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the provinces the nomarchs ruled over
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Ugarit
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-City of Syria-Palestine region
-manufactured copper and tin into bronze and imported to Mesopotamia and South (Egypt) -Produced grain, olive oil, salt, luxurious materials (juniper and fine quality wood) -Present day Lebanon -multilingual, scribe was very complex occupation -developed 1st alphabetical form of writing system |
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Hittites
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2000 BC: settled in Anatolia
---capital: Hattusas 1600 BC: raid Babylon (Mursilis I) 1400-1200 BC (New Kingdom): period of greatest power, expanded south into Syria, confront Egypt Empire (Ramses II) 1200 BC: Hittite state wiped out (late Bronze Age) |
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Sea Peoples
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End of Bronze Age (1200)
-Mass migration of refugees and raiders from different ethnic groups - Invaded Egypt (Ramses III), Hittite Empire, and Syria-Palestine regions -Wiped out Hittites, Ugarit, and Mycenaean. |
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Early Iron Age
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-Advanced metal work, iron technology (hotter furnaces produced superior weapons)
-Begins: 1200BC in Near East and 1000BC in West (Greece, Italy) Canaanite Cultures- cost of Levant (Phoenicia and Palestine) |
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Phoenicians
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-Sea farers, boost economy, exchange ideas, reopen trade network, Known for purple dye (main luxury item)
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Tyre
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?? Coastal city of Phoenicia??
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Hebrews
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-Not large in power, but important in history
-Main document: Old Testament, Bible ---Bronze Age--- -Abraham (Ur to Canaan)- Syria-Palestine region, lived there several generations till famine, then Jacob moved to Egypt (Delta) -Jacob- was able to settle in Egypt because Hyksos were okay with new settlers. Once Hyksos were kicked, the Hebrews became slaves in Egypt - Moses- Discovered he was a Hebrew in Egypt and convinced Pharaoh to let Hebrews leave. Took the Hebrews out of Egypt across the Sinai and back to Cannon. -Were constantly moving nomads, but finally became a settled society with 12 tribes . |
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Kingdom of Isreal
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1000BC
-12 individual tribes around Israel (Yaweh, the one God) -Tribes were not unified, people demanded a king for defense from outside invaders. |
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Saul
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-1st king of the 12 tribes
-engaged in constant battle with Philistines, not successful in establishing unity. -His sons were killed in battle and he committed suicide |
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David
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1000-961
-Married Saul's daughter -Established unity near Judah -Israelite Kingdom -capital: Jerusalem |
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Solomon
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961-??
-David's son, ruled by his side for a while -Israel reached greatest extent with them -Israel and Judah merged into Israelite Kingdom -Becomes significant power in near east -established widespread trade commerce -Disturbances between different social classes (extremely wealthy n the poor). Lead to a political split -After his death everything split |
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Neo-Assyrian Empire
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Tiglath-Pileser III (746-727)
-State god: Assur -Systematic terrorization and deportation of conquered people -Conquered Urartu, Medes, and part of Babylonia -Foremost military of the time period, best iron weapons |
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Tiglath-Pileser III
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746-727 BC
Emperor of Neo-Assyrian Emperor -"massive ruthless military machine" |
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Sargonid
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Next group of Assyrian kings after Tiglath-Pileser III
-economy under these 4 rulers sucked the region dry -After the 4th king's there was dispute over next king because no hair remained. -Assyria was conquered by Medes and Babylonians. |
