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105 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

what does AD stand for

Anno dominie

What does CE stand for?

Common era

What does BCE stand for?

Before common era

Why are BC And BCE used?

General/non religous

What is a source?

Any object/ evidence that proves a theory

What do historians do?

Historians research about what happened in the past - prominent people or events. Mainly political and military. They want to know who was involved, what they did and why.

What is historians method of using written documents?

Their method includes collection, analysis and interpretation of written sources. Historians will collect as many documents from that time period and respond to publications with their own opinion.

What do historians use?

Both written sources (diaries, letters,newspapers) as well as archeological evidence.

What do archeologists do?

Archeologists examine the physical remains of the past in order to reconstruct the past as completely as possible.

What are pre-historians?

Human history in the period before recoded events

What are Egyptologists?

The people who study anything Egyptian (history, language, literature, religion, architecture etc)

What do classical archeologists do?

The study of Ancient Rome, Greek and related civilisations

North Eastern archeologists?

The study and examination of artefacts from the North East regions

Historical archeologists?

Study of human past through artefacts

Industrial archeologists

The study of artefacts such as buildings and machinery from the industrial revolution

Marine archeologists?

Study of artefacts related to humans interaction with the sea such as ships and ship wrecks.

Important terms


Historian -

A person who writes or studies history

Important terms


Archeologist-

An archeologist is a person who studies history buy digging up human remains and artefacts

Important terms


artefact-

Any object man made or human related from a time period of the past

Important terms


Classifying

To arrange or organise into classes of categories

important terms


Interpreting

Explaining the meaning of something

Important terms


History-

Anything left behind by the past

Finding a site


Ariel survey-

Photographs from the sky

Finding a Site


Ariel survey


Crop marks-

When looking from the sky you see that crops don't grow as tall when covering the remains of buildings, walls or roads.



While crops over ancient ditches grow tall

Finding a Site


Ariel survey


Soil marks-

Seen from air after field has been plowed. Where a ditch, pit or mound once existed the soil will be darker than the rest of the field. Expose the outline of buried features such as walls, buildings or even entire settlements.

Finding a Site


Ariel survey


Shadow marks-

Visible from air when very low earthquakes or mounds cast shadows at dawn, sunset or in winter months when sun is low in the sky.

Finding a Site


Satellite photography-

Satellites orbiting Earth used for recording images of potential archeological sites.

Finding a Site


Surveying techniques-

Surveying techniques is when archeologists have identified a suitable area for excavation and they use different techniques to refine their search.

Finding a Site


Surveying techniques


Simple observation-

Field walking when people walk over a site and note physical features

Finding a Site


Geophysical survey

Geophysical refers to physics of the earth and its environment

Finding a Site


Geophysical survey


Ground penetrating radar (GPR) -

Electromagnetic pulse is directed to the ground, receiver records the reflections from buried objects as well as changes in soils composition.

Finding a Site


Geophysical survey


Resistivity survey-

Resistivity meter used. Passes electric current between two metal probes in the ground to measure resistance of soil



burned walls etc= high resistance


Pits= low resistance

Finding a Site


Geophysical survey


Magnetic survey-

Proton magnumeter used. Highest readings come from iron, brick and burned soil.

People's jobs on a Site


Director-

-overlooks excavation


-project manager


-coordinates the work that has to be done.


-sources funds from government and sponsors etc to fund dig

People's jobs on a Site


Director-

-overlooks excavation


-project manager


-coordinates the work that has to be done.


-sources funds from government and sponsors etc to fund dig

People's jobs on site.


Volunteer-

Helps with heavy digging and excavation to more earth. Does not get paid.

People's jobs on a Site


Director-

-overlooks excavation


-project manager


-coordinates the work that has to be done.


-sources funds from government and sponsors etc to fund dig

People's jobs on site.


Volunteer-

Helps with heavy digging and excavation to more earth. Does not get paid.

People's jobs on site


Labourer-

Helps with heavy digging and excavation to more earth. Paid minimum wage

People's jobs on a Site


Director-

-overlooks excavation


-project manager


-coordinates the work that has to be done.


-sources funds from government and sponsors etc to fund dig

People's jobs on site.


Volunteer-

Helps with heavy digging and excavation to more earth. Does not get paid.

People's jobs on site


Labourer-

Helps with heavy digging and excavation to more earth. Paid minimum wage

People's jobs on site


Anthropologist-

A field that seeks to understand human kind



Can identify similarities between races

People's jobs on site


Epigrapher

Study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing



Can read ancient inscriptions etc to help with research

People's jobs on site


Palaeontologist-

Scientist who studies fossils.



Can determine organisms evolution and their interactions with eachother and the environment

People's jobs on site


Palaeontologist-

Scientist who studies fossils.



Can determine organisms evolution and their interactions with eachother and the environment

People's jobs on site


Architect -

Designs new buildings, extensions or alterations to existing buildings and advises on restoration and conservation of old properties.



Can help in restoration and conservation of ancient buildings.

People's jobs on site


Forensic pathologist

Study of ancient literature written on papryus.



Can use ability to read papryus to aid in research

People's jobs on site


Forensic pathologist

Study of ancient literature written on papryus.



Can use ability to read papryus to aid in research

People's jobs on site


Botanist-

Scientific study of plants along with their growth structure and uses as well as the evolution of plant life.



Can identify want ancient people are or want plants they had been in contact with before they died and than find out their possible location before they died.

People's jobs on site


Forensic pathologist

Study of ancient literature written on papryus.



Can use ability to read papryus to aid in research

People's jobs on site


Botanist-

Scientific study of plants along with their growth structure and uses as well as the evolution of plant life.



Can identify want ancient people are or want plants they had been in contact with before they died and than find out their possible location before they died.

Explain how the grid system method of excavation works?

Surveyors divide the site into a grid of squares or boxes. Each square to be excavated is marked out on the ground using string. It is then numbered than excavated leaving a wall or baulk in between. The strata layers revealed during excavation are than labelled to differentiate them from eachother.

Explain how the grid system method of excavation works?

Surveyors divide the site into a grid of squares or boxes. Each square to be excavated is marked out on the ground using string. It is then numbered than excavated leaving a wall or baulk in between. The strata layers revealed during excavation are than labelled to differentiate them from eachother.

Pros of the grid system method?

Uncover artefacts quickly, distinguish different layers, good way to organise your findings.

Explain how the grid system method of excavation works?

Surveyors divide the site into a grid of squares or boxes. Each square to be excavated is marked out on the ground using string. It is then numbered than excavated leaving a wall or baulk in between. The strata layers revealed during excavation are than labelled to differentiate them from eachother.

Pros of the grid system method?

Uncover artefacts quickly, distinguish different layers, good way to organise your findings.

Cons of grid system method?

Only effective if layers are identifiable, cannot be used large scale.

Explain how the grid system method of excavation works?

Surveyors divide the site into a grid of squares or boxes. Each square to be excavated is marked out on the ground using string. It is then numbered than excavated leaving a wall or baulk in between. The strata layers revealed during excavation are than labelled to differentiate them from eachother.

Pros of the grid system method?

Uncover artefacts quickly, distinguish different layers, good way to organise your findings.

Cons of grid system method?

Only effective if layers are identifiable, cannot be used large scale.

Pros of Open area Excavation?

Each stats thouroughly researched and links can be made

Explain how the grid system method of excavation works?

Surveyors divide the site into a grid of squares or boxes. Each square to be excavated is marked out on the ground using string. It is then numbered than excavated leaving a wall or baulk in between. The strata layers revealed during excavation are than labelled to differentiate them from eachother.

Pros of the grid system method?

Uncover artefacts quickly, distinguish different layers, good way to organise your findings.

Cons of grid system method?

Only effective if layers are identifiable, cannot be used large scale.

Pros of Open area Excavation?

Each stats thouroughly researched and links can be made

Cons of open area Excavation?

Time consuming

What is stratigraphy?

The study of strata. Which is based on the principle that the oldest material is in the lowest layers and the youngest is close to the surface.

How are drawings and diagrams used in ancient history?

To record information in picture rather than in written form.

How are drawings and diagrams used in ancient history?

To record information in picture rather than in written form.

What is a dig?

An area of archeological excavation. Another word for site.

How are drawings and diagrams used in ancient history?

To record information in picture rather than in written form.

What is a dig?

An area of archeological excavation. Another word for site.

Why are trenches dug in an archeological site?

To reveal different levels of strata to show layers of human activity or habitation.

How are drawings and diagrams used in ancient history?

To record information in picture rather than in written form.

What is a dig?

An area of archeological excavation. Another word for site.

Why are trenches dug in an archeological site?

To reveal different levels of strata to show layers of human activity or habitation.

What is archeology?

The study of mans past.

How does open area excavation work?

This method of excavation focuses on the horizontal dimension of the site by uncovering the whole site later by layer. The emphasis is on understanding the relationships between the things found in each layer.

What kind of tools are used in an excavation?

Heaven earth moving machinery- to clear the surface and remove topsoil that contains nothing of archeological significance.

What kind of tools are used in an excavation?

Heaven earth moving machinery- to clear the surface and remove topsoil that contains nothing of archeological significance.


Picks, shovels buckets and trowels to remove dirt.


Paintbrushes, toothbrushes and dental picks to carefully expose finds and remains.


Sift - to reveal tiny fragments that might otherwise be lost.

How are records kept?

Grid coordinates to record the location of finds pots


Visual records made by artists and photographers.


Written records such as labels on strata and finds as well as the day book kept by the director.

How are computers used in archeology?

-maintenance of databases eg excavation records, official site databases.


-statistical analysis using spreadsheet software.


-linking maps using GIS (geographic information systems.)


-reconstructions using computer graphics eg 3D models, simulations. CAD (computer aided design) images.

Analysis and interpretation -

The archeologist interprets the archeological data from the dig and draws conclusions about the site and its occupants from what had been found.

Publishing the results -

An important step in the archeological process is the publication of excavation reports.



Contain detailed descriptions of the site and the finds, as well as the archeologists interpretation of their significance. Once published these reports are available to other archeologists and historians who use them in their own research .

Important terms


Site-

A place which is investigated by archeologists for the purpose of research.

Potassium argon dating-

for dating organic materials.


Date volcanic rock up to millions of years old


Useful for dating human evolution


A method of determining the age of an object containing organic material by using c14 measurements

Radio carbon dating-

Used for dating organic materials.



A method of determining the age of an object containing organic material by using c14 measurements

Theoluminescence dating-

Used to date inorganic material. Energy is trapped in structural imperfections. When heated to 500 degrees energy is released which releases flashed of light and radioactive content. This is used to determine the original firing date of the pottery.

Uranium series dating

Dates rocks containing calcium carbonate

When was the ice man found?

September 19th 1991

When was the ice man found?

September 19th 1991

Who was the ice man found by?

Erica and helmet Simon

When was the ice man found?

September 19th 1991

Who was the ice man found by?

Erica and helmet Simon

Original theory about the body?

The police thought he was a normal glacier corpse.

Where was the iceman found?

On top of the Italian alps

Where was the iceman found?

On top of the Italian alps

Process used to remove body?

They tried to pull him free from the ice by using his clothing. Small jack hammer to break away ice around the corpse. Used a pick, climbing gear and ski poles to chisel around him. Packed in body bag than flown out for investigation.

Who was the iceman?

He was either a Shepard, outsider or a warrior/leader.

Who was the iceman?

He was either a Shepard, outsider or a warrior/leader.

Where was the ice man going?

Grazing route vs trading route vs caught in conflict and running from danger

Where did the iceman come from?

Shepard- alpine village in northern Italy

Where did the iceman come from?

Shepard- alpine village in northern Italy

What cause the ice mans death?

Arrow hitting major artery in the shoulder and he reached the top of the mountainn before death.