Ancient Greek Culture Part Iii

Front 1

Anabasis

Back 1

'Going up'
Work by Xenophon about the march into persia

Front 2

Kyropaideia

Back 2

'Education of Cyrus'
Work by Xenophon about the political history of the Persian Empire

Front 3

Memorabilia

Back 3

'memoir'
work by Xenophon about his experience and acquaintance with socrates

Front 4

Apologia

Back 4

'legal defense'
work by Xenophon in defence of socrates in front of the ecclesia

Front 5

Hellenika

Back 5

'Writing on the Greeks'
Work by Xenophon, picks up where Thucydides left off at the during the Peleponnesian war in 411BCE

Front 6

Crisis of the 4th century or Calamity of the 4th century

Back 6

After Peloponnesian war Sparta became a power player but didn’t know what to do with an empire. Hegemony passed from Sparta to Thebes

Front 7

Lysander

Back 7

Spartan General who established the 30 tyrants in Athens

Front 8

Kyros

Back 8

A persian prince, who was Killed by his brother Artaxerxes II at the battle of Cunaxa. Allied with Lysander, a spartan general

Front 9

Artaxerxes II

Back 9

Prince of Persia, stole the throne from his brother Kyros and killed him at the battle of Cunaxa. 401BCE

Front 10

Cunaxa

Back 10

The field where the Greeks led by Kyros (Persian) fought the Persians, led by Anaxerxes II. Greeks won, but Kyros was killed. 401BCE

Front 11

Tissaphernes

Back 11

Persian solider fighting on the side of Sparta, who led the Spartan/persian army out of persia after Kyros was killed. Was disposed when he tried to murder some Greeks to appease Artxerxes

Front 12

Xenophon's path out of persia

Back 12

Cunaxa>Tiberius>Black seas (rest of 1m)>Byzantion

Front 13

Byzantion

Back 13

Greek port Xenophon led the Spartan/persians to after the battle of Cunaxa

Front 14

Agesilause

Back 14

Spartan King, after the battle at Cunaxa is 401BCE

Front 15

King's Peace

Back 15

A paid truce between Sparta and Persia. Arranged by Agesilause and Tissaphernes?

Front 16

Epaminondas

Back 16

Theban commander, fought against the Spartans at Leuktra and defeated them - took Sparta's territory and freed the helots

Front 17

Arcadian League

Back 17

Formed in 370BCE by Arcadia, Megalopolis, Thebes. Led by Epaminondas

Front 18

Battle of Mantineia

Back 18

Arcadian League led by Epaminondas vs. Sparta, Athens, Mantineia and Elea. Epaminondas was killed by Agisiluas using Leuktra tactics.

Front 19

What marked the end of the Theban Hegemony?

Back 19

The death of Epaminondas

Front 20

Xenophon

Back 20

Pupil of Socrates, started writing where Thucydides left off. was exiled from Athens and served in a military expedition to Persia, under Agesilaus. Wrote several works: Anabasis, Hellenika, Kyropaideia, Memorabilia, Apologia, Oikonomikos

Front 21

Oikonomikos

Back 21

'Economy of the household' - Work by Xenophon
reported a dialogue from socrates on household and property
household managment from a 4th CBCE Athenian mindset

Front 22

Where did the Presocratic and plutonic philosophy originate?

Back 22

Ionia - had a lot of influence from Anatolia, Egypt and near east

Front 23

Arche

Back 23

'the first principal' or 'beginning'
The concern of early philosophy

Front 24

Physis

Back 24

'nature' the core of being in philosophy

Front 25

Chaos

Back 25

'Void' or 'expanse of nothingness'
The first god according to Hesiod in the Theogony 8th CBCE

Front 26

Gaia

Back 26

'World'
the 2nd god according to Hesiod in the Theogony 8th CBCE

Front 27

Eros

Back 27

Sexual Impulse
Created with Gaia

Front 28

Ouranos

Back 28

Son of Gaia, who also mates with her. they produce the Titans

Front 29

Tripartite division of existence

Back 29

Poseidon,, Zeus and Hades divide up the realms of existence into 3 sphere: Zeus gets the earth and sky; Poseidon the sea; Hades the underworld

Front 30

Thales

Back 30

Early philosopher from Miletos 625BCE
Predicted the solar eclipse of 585BCE
Arche: Tapanta Hydo all things are of water

Front 31

Tapanta Hydor

Back 31

'all thing are of water'. Said by Thales. Thought the arche was water

Front 32

Miletian school

Back 32

School of thought started by Thales

Front 33

Anaximander

Back 33

Early Philosopher. Introduced the gnomon to the Greeks. Thought there was 4 elements: water, earth, air and fire where all in constant opposition with another
Arche: Aperiron

Front 34

Apeiron

Back 34

'gateless' or 'infinite'
Anaximanders suggestion for the arche

Front 35

Anaximenes

Back 35

Early philosopher, student of Anaximander.
Arche: Aer; associated with the psyche

Front 36

Aer

Back 36

'air' the arche for Anaximenes. often equated with the psyche as being the thing that animates us

Front 37

Emphyschos

Back 37

'in-souled' having a soul and therefore being alive

Front 38

Pythagoras

Back 38

From Samos. Taught that the entire world was explicable through numbers. founded Pythagorean school. believed in Metemphyschosis. Undertook an epidemia to egypt and ended up in Croton, Italy.

Front 39

Metemphyschosis

Back 39

'Process of soul changing' or reincarnation. Believed and taught by Pythagoras. thought the soul persisted after death and inhabited other bodies

Front 40

Epidemia

Back 40

'going about' Taken by Solon after his reforms and by Pythagoras - Egypt: astronomy and mathematics

Front 41

Mathematikoi

Back 41

'those who practice learning' the closest followers of Pythagoras who lived permanently at the school
Had no possession, strict vegetarians, can't eat beans
Full equality

Front 42

Akousmatikoi

Back 42

'the hearers' less devoted followers of Pythagoras. could live at home and have possessions and eat meat

Front 43

Pythagoras' Arche

Back 43

Numbers

Front 44

Holos Cosmos Arismos

Back 44

'the whole cosmos is number'
believed by pythagoras

Front 45

The best number according to Pythagoras

Back 45

10 - the tetractys

Front 46

Tetraktys

Back 46

A triangle made of dots - has 4 rows: 4, 3, 2, 1. Sacred in Pythagorean school

Front 47

Herekleitos

Back 47

Philosopher from Ionia 6th CBCE
everything is constantly changing, opposite things are also identical and everything is and not at the same time
Arche: constant state of flux

Front 48

Ponta Rei

Back 48

'Everything flows' Herakleitos

Front 49

Parmenides

Back 49

Philosopher, wrote in opposition to Herakleitos. wrote the Peri Physeos
Arche: being/ To On

Front 50

To On

Back 50

'what is' or 'being' described by Parmenides

Front 51

Peri Physeos

Back 51

'about nature' a poem by Parmenides

Front 52

Gnorhi Seauton

Back 52

'know yourself' - Socrates

Front 53

Year Socrates was executed

Back 53

399BCE

Front 54

Chaeriphon

Back 54

Friend of Socrates who went to the Delphic Oracle and asked: is anyone wiser than Socrates? A: No

Front 55

Elenchus

Back 55

'cross examination' done by socrates. A person makes an assertion and Socrates asks questions. creates a dialectic

Front 56

Dialectic

Back 56

the idea that truth needs to be arrived at by modifying and narrowing things down; a 'dialogue'

Front 57

According to Socrates is the truth knowable?

Back 57

No, but we can come close

Front 58

Anytos

Back 58

Accused Socrates of corrupting the youth and asebeia

Front 59

Contemporaries of Socrates

Back 59

Plato, Xenophon, Artistophanes

Front 60

The intellectual fool

Back 60

Aristophanes portrayal of Socrates in The Clouds

Front 61

Asebeia

Back 61

'unholiness' or 'lack of piety'
Committing an offense against the gods. One of Socrates charges by Anytos

Front 62

Plato

Back 62

Student of Socrates, founded The Academy and carried on the philosophy of Socrates
Travelled to Egypt and Italy (Pythagoras)

Front 63

3 type of Platonic dialogues

Back 63

Early, Middle, Late

Front 64

Theory of Forms

Back 64

Plato's idea that there is a form behind all things. From are perfect, eternal and invisible - only imperfect copies are present in our reality

Front 65

Soma

Back 65

body

Front 66

Sema

Back 66

'prison' from 'soma'
when a soul is incarnated in a body it brings the knowledge of all the forms

Front 67

Hemi-barbaroi

Back 67

'half barbarian' the people that surrounded Macedonia.

Front 68

Philoi

Back 68

In the Macedonian Monarchy system the friends of the king, were dependent on him for power

Front 69

Phillip II

Back 69

King of Macedon, was held hostage by Epaminondas in Thebes where he learnt Greek Culture. Slowly expanded south into Greece

Front 70

Amphipolis

Back 70

1st City in Greece that Phillip II conquered. regarded as a colonial connection to Athens, but Athens did do anything

Front 71

Perdiccas

Back 71

Son of Alexander II, murdered by Phillip II so he could get the throne

Front 72

Eporus

Back 72

A city conquered by Philip II. first real greek city - married Olypias and had a son Alexander III

Front 73

Demosthenese

Back 73

Athenian public speaker who realized how ambitious/dangerous Philip II was, but no body listened

Front 74

The Philippics

Back 74

'evictives against philip' speeches given by Demosthenese

Front 75

Logographer

Back 75

'speech writer' for court cases. Hired by people who can write/read/speak. How Demosthenese started out

Front 76

Jason of Pherai

Back 76

Demosthenes 2nd candidate for a leader to unite Greece - but wasn't Greek enough

Front 77

Chaironeia

Back 77

338BCE war between Philip II vs. Greeks - Philip won. Proceeded to destroy Thebes and Sparta, but spared Athens

Front 78

League of Corinth

Back 78

After war at Chaironeia established by Philip II

Front 79

Pan Hellenic Expedition

Back 79

A vengeance attack on Persian for wars against greece, led by Philip II. Got assassinated before he could leave

Front 80

Pela

Back 80

Where Alexander III expedition started in 334BCE

Front 81

Anabasis Alexanderon

Back 81

Written by Arrian in 2nd CBCE. Claimed Alexander III was drived by 'pothos' pathological desire

Front 82

Battle of Granokos

Back 82

1st Battle of Alex III, against a local Satrap. Won

Front 83

Gordium

Back 83

Ancient capital of Phrygia. Visited on a detour by Alex III where he cut the Gordian knot

Front 84

Leuin

Back 84

'loosen' or 'untie'

Front 85

Battle of Issoss

Back 85

Alex III vs. Persian
Fought across a river. Ended when Alex III charged at Darius IV

Front 86

Tyre

Back 86

Island city off the coast of Lebanon. Starved them out to form an alliance. built a land bridge

Front 87

Siwa Oasis

Back 87

In Egypt where Alex III and his troops went. Alex III was granted Isotheoi temai

Front 88

Gaugumela, Iraq

Back 88

Where Alex III fought Darius IV for the 2nd time - ran away again. Chased him for 3 days.

Front 89

Bessoss

Back 89

Satrap of Bactria who killed Darius IV so Alex III wouldn't destroy the town

Front 90

Poros

Back 90

Indian King who fought against Alex III - had war elephants. Alex III killed his sons before he surrendered.

Front 91

Roxane

Back 91

Alex III Persian wife.

Front 92

Hephaistion

Back 92

Childhood friend of Alex III

Front 93

What did Alexander III die of?

Back 93

Malaria

Front 94

Hellensitic

Back 94

'Greek-like world'

Front 95

Oikoumene

Back 95

'inhabited' - inhabited the greek world

Front 96

Koine

Back 96

'common'
with respect to greek language?

Front 97

Moia

Back 97

'close' - with respect to mystery cults where the eyes are closed until you join the cult

Front 98

Pathei to mathos

Back 98

'through suffering learning'
Part of mystery cults where a god suffers, dies and is reborn and you could do the same

Front 99

3 schools of Philosophy after Alex III

Back 99

1. Epicureanism
2. Stoicism
3. Cynicism

Front 100

Epicureanism

Back 100

School of Philosophy. Eat, drink and be merry, but not too much. withdraw from public life. Believe in gods, but they aren't concerned with humans

Front 101

Hedonism

Back 101

School of thought. Want to attain ataraxia

Front 102

Ataraxia

Back 102

'stress-less'. center of the Hedonist school of thought

Front 103

Stoicism

Back 103

School of thought in Hellenistic Greece. Accept things the way they are because there is a divine plan (logos).

Front 104

Cynicism

Back 104

School of thought in Hellenistic greece. founded by Diogenes. Thought suffering was because of nomos or anything that imposed against physis

Front 105

Cyon

Back 105

'dog'

Front 106

Diogenes

Back 106

Founder of Cynicism. Lived like a dog would live (with nature).

Front 107

5 Major Hellenistic Zones/Kingdoms after Alex III death

Back 107

1. Antigonids
2. Ptolemaic
3. Seleucid
4. Attalid
5. Bactria

Front 108

Ptolemiac political structure of Egypt

Back 108

King> elite priestly class > Loai

Front 109

Ptolemaic Kingdom

Back 109

Egypt and North Africa. Ruled through Alexandria. All rulers were either 'Ptolemy' or 'Cleopatra'. strict caste system

Front 110

Seleucids

Back 110

Syria --> Iran/Iraq. Ruled by Seleucus through Polyvent king system (Persian system). Very little immigration/emigration

Front 111

Attalid

Back 111

Pergamon. Rose from a single garrison. Ended up being ruled by Eumenes - legitimized rule through money

Front 112

Lysimachos

Back 112

General who go Attalid (Pergamon). Entrusted Pergamon to Philetarios before dying in battle with Thrace

Front 113

Philetarios

Back 113

Got Pergamon (and treasury) after Lysimachos died. Left everything to his nephew Eumenes

Front 114

Eumenes

Back 114

King of Pergamon. Defended it against the Attalids and used Euergesia to legitimize rule. Gave 'gift' to other polis and used mercenary troops

Front 115

Euergesia

Back 115

'good deed doing' practiced by Euemens to legitimize his rule as King of Pergamon

Front 116

Bactria

Back 116

Empire ruled by Stanisor (Greek). Had nothing to do with Hellenistic world, but still 'hellenistic'.

Front 117

Statue of Marsyas

Back 117

A satyr statue in Bactria. Follower of Dionysus, dedicated to local river go Oxos. The dedication was being made by a Persian, Atrosokes.

Front 118

oxos

Back 118

Local river god in Bactria to whom the Greek statue Marsyas was being dedicated by Atrosokes

Front 119

Atrosokes

Back 119

'Keeper of the sacred fire' A persian priest who dedicated a satyr to the river god Oxos

Front 120

Heliodorus

Back 120

Greek ambassador who made dedications to vishnu in Bactria (or India) in Persian manner

Front 121

Asoka

Back 121

Indian King of Maurian Empire who sent Buddhist missionaries to Seleucids, Ptolemies and Bactria (?).