Humanities - Ancient Greece #2

Front 1

Explain isolated communities and the difficulties of travel.

Back 1

Greece's steep mountains and surrounding seas forced Greeks to settle in isolated communities. Travel by land was hard, and sea voyages were hazardous.

Front 2

Explain farming in Ancient Greece.

Back 2

Most ancient Greeks farmed, but good land and water were scarce. They grew grapes and olives, and raised sheep, goats, pigs, and chickens.

Front 3

Explain starting Greek colonies.

Back 3

Many ancient Greeks sailed across the sea to found colonies that helped spread Greek culture. Colonists settled in lands that include parts of the present-day Turkey, Spain, France, Italy, and northern Africa.

Front 4

Explain the steps Greeks took before sailing the seas to start new colonies.

Back 4

Often Greeks began by consulting an oracle to ask the Greek gods whether their efforts would be successful. Next, the colonists gathered food and supplies. They took a flame from their town's sacred fire so they could start a sacred fire in their new home.

Front 5

Explain Greek trading and need for goods.

Back 5

To meet their needs, the ancient Greeks traded with other city-states, their colonies, and with other people in the Mediterranean region. They exchanged olive oil and pottery for such goods as grain, timber, and metal.

Front 6

Explain a Greek monarchy and the times that one existed.

Back 6

Most Greek city-states were monarchies until about 800 B.C.E. In a monarchy, one person, usually a king, holds the power. Ancient Greek kings had councils of aristocrats to help them rule. (2000 B.C.E. to 800 B.C.E.)

Front 7

Explain a Greek oligarchy and the times that one existed.

Back 7

Between about 800 B.C.E. and 650 B.C.E., most Greek city-states were ruled by oligarchies, in which power is held by a few people. Most oligarchs were wealthy aristocrats who ignored the needs of poor people. The poor eventually turned to leaders who promised to improve their lives. (800 B.C.E. to 650 B.C.E.)

Front 8

Explain a Greek Tyranny and the times that one existed.

Back 8

From the mid-600s to about 500 B.C.E., many Greek city-states were ruled by tyrants. Tyranny is a form of government in which a person who is not a lawful king holds the power. (650 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.)

Front 9

Explain a Greek Democracy and the times that one existed.

Back 9

The people of Athens were the first Greeks to develop a form of democracy, known as a direct democracy, in which every citizen was allowed to vote on every issue. (500 B.C.E. to 400 B.C.E.)

Front 10

Explain the main differences between Athens and Sparta.

Back 10

Its location near the sea made it easier for Athens to develop relationships with other city-states. Sparta's inland location and its culture made it more isolated than Athens. The people of Athens valued art, culture, and education. The people of Sparta valued strength, simplicity, and military skills.

Front 11

Explain the differences in government between Athens and Sparta.

Back 11

Athens was a democracy, though only free men could take part in government. Sparta was primarily a military state. Its government was an oligarchy in which a few men had most of the power.

Front 12

Explain the differences in economy between Athens and Sparta.

Back 12

The economy of Athens relied on trade with other city-states and several foreign lands. The Spartan economy relied on farming and conquest. Sparta depended on slaves and other noncitizen to provide for many of its needs.

Front 13

Explain the differences in education between Athens and Sparta.

Back 13

In Athens, boys were educated to be good citizens. Education balanced book learning and physical training. Girls learned skills for managing the household. In Sparta, boys and girls alike were educated to protect the city-state. Spartan boys began their military training at age 7, and men served in the army until age 60.

Front 14

Explain the differences in women and slaves between Athens and Sparta.

Back 14

In Athens, women and slaves had far fewer rights than men had. Spartan women had more rights than other Greek women, such as owning property.

Front 15

Explain the Ionian Revolt and how the Persians or the Greeks won.

Back 15

The vast Persian empire extended from Egypt to the Indus River. In 546 B.C.E., the Persians conquered the Greek settlements of Ionia. The Ionians revolted, and in 493 B.C.E., the Persians defeated them. This triggered the first of the Persian wars in 490 B.C.E.

Front 16

Explain the Battle of Marathon and how the Persians or the Greeks won.

Back 16

In 490 B.C.E., the Persian king Darius invaded Greece. At the Battle of Marathon, better Greek weapons and strategy defeat the Persians.

Front 17

Explain the Battle of Thermopylae and how the Persians or the Greeks won.

Back 17

In 480 B.C.E., the Persian army used a secret mountain path to surround a small Spartan force and win the Battle of Thermopylae. Then the Persians advanced to Athens.

Front 18

Explain the Battle of Salamis and how the Persians or the Greeks won.

Back 18

In the same year, 480 B.C.E., the Persian king Xerxes burned down Athens. The Persian navy was later defeated at the Battle of Salamis, when Greek ships rammed and sank the Persian vessels.

Front 19

Explain the Battle of Plataea and how the Persians or the Greeks won.

Back 19

In 479 B.C.E., an army of 80,000 allied Athenian and Spartan troops destroyed the Persian army in this decisive battle that ended the Persian wars.

Front 20

Explain what happened to Athens during its Golden Age after the Persian wars and who influenced the change.

Back 20

Pericles was a great leader who promoted both the rebuilding of Athens and the growth of Greek culture and democracy.

Front 21

Explain religion during Athen's Golden Age.

Back 21

The Greek worship of gods and goddesses was part of everyday life. Athens was named for the goddess Athena. The Parthenon honored her. The temple at Delphi honored the god Apollo. The Greeks told myths, or stories about their many gods.

Front 22

Explain architecture and sculpture during Athen's Golden Age.

Back 22

The temples on the acropolis in Athens were examples of the Greek talent for architecture. The lifelike marble statues made in the workshops displayed the art of sculpture.

Front 23

Explain drama and philosophy during Athen's Golden Age.

Back 23

Athenians enjoyed dramas stated in large open-air theaters. Only male actors performed. The Greeks also enjoyed discussing philosophy. Socrates was one of the greatest philosophers in Athens.

Front 24

Explain sports during Athen's Golden Age.

Back 24

The Greeks competed in athletic events at the Panathenaic Games and the Olympics. Events included races and combat sports.

Front 25

Explain how Greek literature, history, and government affects the modern world today.

Back 25

The modern alphabet, English grammar, drama and historical writing, and democratic government all trace their roots to the ancient Greeks.

Front 26

Explain how Greek medicine affects the modern world today.

Back 26

Hippocrates applied scientific thinking to medicine and established a code of ethics used by doctors today. Centuries later, Greek medical students made discoveries about the heart and the brain.

Front 27

Explain how Greek mathematics affects the modern world today.

Back 27

Pythagoras abd Euclid made important advances in geometry that are still taught today.

Front 28

Explain how Greek astronomy and geography affects the modern world today.

Back 28

Greek scientists suggested that the Earth moves around the sun. They named hundreds of stars and estimated the distances from Earth to both the sun and the moon. Greeks created the first maps and systems of latitude and longitude that is still used today to find locations on Earth.

Front 29

Explain how Greek biology affects the modern world today.

Back 29

Greeks developed the scientific study of plants, animals, and humans called biology. The way we classify animals and plants is based on the work of Aristotle.

Front 30

Explain how Greek architecture, theater, and sports affects the modern world today.

Back 30

Greek building styles, including columns and pediments, are seen today in public and private structures. Greek plays, stories, and myths are read today. Even the Olympic Games first began in ancient Greece.