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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Peloponesian War
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Between Athens and Sparta
5th Century BC |
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Why is the Delian League significant?
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Created because Greeks believed Persians would attack again. To defend Greece
It evolved into a tool for Athenian empire into 450's, an 'instrument of empire' |
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Peace of Callias
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450 BC
Peace treaty between Athens and Persia 1. Persia was to come no closer than 1 day's journey to Greek mainlands 2. Greek cities of Western Anatolia were to be completely independent from Persian empire 3. Cyprus and Egypt were to be recognized by Athens as part of Persian empire |
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Wouldn't the Peace of Callias be good cause to dissolve the Delian League?
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Athens wouldn't allow it. Athens started to use the annual contribution to their advantage. They began to force the members!
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461-445 BC
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Early phase of 'undeclared' war
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431-404 BC
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Peloponesian War
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War strategies
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Spartan= fight a traditional war, Hoplite wars, at beginning of spring (war-making season), Sparta would invade Athens
One mistake Sparta made at beginning of war was assuming Athens would fight a traditional war Athens= His strategy was to fight a defensive war on land. They would seclude themselves in Athens. Others took refuge here 2. fight offensive war at sea. then strength was their navy. Conduct inland raids against Spartan allies |
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Pericles
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Athenian military leader who thought it would be suicide to fight Spartans like that.
Pericles wanted to make it a 'War of Attrition', just draw out the war. Athens was very rich. Hoped Sparta would pull out of bc of $$$ |
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Sparta's ally with navy
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Corinth
*Sparta didn't have a navy* |
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Country's objectives during Pelop. war
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Sparta= Break up Athenian empire
Athens= keep their empire |
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1st six years of Pel. war
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Stale mate. Both sides had minor victories and setbacks.
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Athenian plague
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Second year.
80,000 people died. Probably because of so many people stuffed in there. Twas a typhoid epidemic, they managed to keep fighting though@ |
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425
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As close Athens would ever get to a victory
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Sphakteria (adjacent to Pylos)
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Athenians landed at Pylos during one of their coastal raids. Spartan found out and sent one of their armies to Spakteria. Wanted to destroy base of fighting. Bc Sparta sent 420 elite, Athens found out and amphibiously invaded Spakteria. 192 Spartans died, Spartans captured.
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Significance of Sphakteria
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Ended mystique of Spartan invincibility. Athens having 292 prisoners was advantageous.
1. No more annual invasions (said would kill) |
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Sparta suing for peace
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Athens thought they would win, so refused to negotiate
425 |
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424 BC Developments
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Evened back up the war
1. Battle of Delium= ended with 1,000 Athenians dead on battlefield 2. Sparta capturing Amphipolis, very lucrative, lots of silver mines |
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422 BC
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War almost a decae long, very costly, lots died. Top generals on both sides died in 422 BC
Brasidas and Cleon |
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Peace of Nicias
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421-415 BC
Signed in 421 BC. Nicias was name of Athenian negotiator 1. All territories would be returned to original owner 2. All prisoners of war would be returned to home, unharmed *supposed to be a 50 year peace* only lasted about 6 years. It was a suspicious truce |
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Why did Sparta become unpopular across Greece?
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Athens STILL had its empire
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420 Olympic year
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Sparta was uninvited to Olympics
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Alcibiades
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Head of war faction in Athens, always trying to stir things up against Sparta
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Alcibiades' plan against Sparta
'Sicilian Expedition of 415 BC' |
1. Cutting off Sparta's food supply, including Corinth's founded polis (syracuse) which had wheat fields in Sicily, and was Sparta's food supply. Athens would set up naval blockade at Siracuse.
-Disaster, numerous casualties, lost ships, sentiment back home turned hostile about how the was was going. 'Worst military disaster in Athen's history' This was a decisive turning point in Peloponessian War, everyone realized who the eventual winner would be. It was only a matter of time |
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Significance of Sicilian Expedition of 415 BC
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Going to allow Persia to come back in politically. Get involved with Sparta
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411 BC
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Sparta makes agreement with Persia. Sparta was going to accept Anatolia cities as Persian in exchange for a fleet of ships. (Sparta had defeated Athns, but empire still existed)
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411-404
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Ionian War Phase
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Aigospotami
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place where last battle of Peloponessian War was fought
405 BC 3,000 Athenians were executed Asked Thebes and Corinth what to do; wanted to kill all of Athens |
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Lysander
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421-415= carried out executions was Spartan general
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Why did Sparta win in the Peloponessian War?
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411 BC, acquired a fleet from Persia
Agreement b/w p & s= get fleet from Persian, recognize Western Anatolia as Persian territory |
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After war
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Sparta gathered allies; Thebes and Corinth to decide how to punish Athens. Both Thebes and Corinth wanted to execute entire population. *Lysander though this was too much*
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Terms of Athenian surrender
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404 BC
1. Athens' wall had to be dismantled 2. 'Long Walls' had to be dismantled (from Athens to its port city) 3. Athenian fleet had to be reduced to 12 ships (from 200-300) 4. Spartans got rid of democracy in Athens and set up and oligarchic system (Thirty Tyrants) 5. Sign off on a clause saying they would follow Sparta wherever 6. Lysander passed a decree stating who ever tried to bring grain to Athens would be executed 7. Any Athenian who didn't return home, would be exectured *some scholars believe Lysander was trying to recreate plague* |
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Thirty Tyrants
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Kallibios: led a Spartan garrison at Athens hit Athenians randomly with a stick
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Sparta's leaders changes
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Before war Sparta's leaders were thought of as wise, this changed (imperialist) foreign policy will change
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Sparta's foreign policy changes
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Before 404 it was non-interventionist, i.e. Ionian Rebellion and not helping at Battle of Marathon
After 404, Sparta becomes very meddlesome in neighbor's affairs |
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Sparta's meddlesome ways after 404
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1. In Thassos, during P. war
2. Lysander sailed up and down W. Anatolia coast, ousting democratic regimes setting up oligarchic systems that would be loyal to Sparta (remember Persian and Sparta agreement?) 3. In 401, Sparta tried to kill Persian king until 404 (Darius II), his successor: Artaxerxes (his son) his other son Cyrus the younger became friends with Lysander. So Sparta wanted CTY to be Persian king and tried to kill Art. so this could happen 'Battle of Kunaxa' 4. In 395, full scale invasion on Persian empire AGAIN 5. In Sicily |
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How Sparta meddlesome in Thassos?
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was one of Athens' allies. Lysander sailed here and called for meeting of leaders. He tricked them. When they arrived, they were executed.
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Why did Sparta not feel a need for Persia any longer?
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Between 411-404 Sparta built up large navy
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Battle of Kunaxa
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Cyrus the Younger was killed. This was the person Sparta was trying to get in power of Persia.
10,000 Spartans were here. They all returned home |
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Xenophon's Anabasis
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Source for Battle of Kunaxa
A book |
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How did Sparta become meddlesome in Sicily?
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: Tyrant ruler of Sicily= Dionysius I, was under siege by Cartheginians in his own palace. Sparta became involved led by ARETES. just to keep him in power.
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What did Sparta do in 395 against Persia?
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Another full scale invasion!!!
led by Lysander and Spartan king: Agesilaus Sparta's obj (they said)- liberate Anatolian cities, Sparta's real obj-control Anatolia. Successful at most battles, but couldn't get ahead strategically. |
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What was the highpoint of Sparta's imperialistic behavior?
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382
They gained control of Thebes! Exiled them and established their own people in power (although this was majorly condemned by Greece) |
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How long did Sparta remain in power over Thebes and why did it come to an end?
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remained in power for three years.
It came to an end when Thebens who were exiled returned |
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Epaminondas and Pelopidas
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Exiled Thebens who returned and defeated Sparta! Gaining back control!!!
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How did Thebes become a great military power overnight? On par with SPARTA
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1. Leadership
2. Sparta had ignored military developments such as the new fighters, Peltasts |
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Battle of Leuctra
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371 BC
Sparta was defeated by Thebes. End of classical Sparta A year later Epaminondas and Pelopidas came back and liberated the helots in Sparta |
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Thebes' superiority
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Very short lived
Power arose in the North The kings of Macedon rose! |
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Chaeronea
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338
Philip II will defeat a coalition of Greek city-states. He didn't punish. He had them become his allies. He just wanted them to agree to form a defensive and offensive alliance. |
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League of Corinth
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337
Philip II and Greek city-state alliance |
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336 BC
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Philip was preparing to depart for campaign on Persians, he was assassinated. His son, Alexander took over
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What was the first thing Alexander did on the throne?
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Informed Greek city-states he intended for them to follow League of Corinth
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334 BC
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Leave for campaign to Persia
40,000 strong. (25,000 of these were infantry) Largest army to ever leave from Greece |
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(334-330)
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Alexander is in pursuit of Persian king, Darius III
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Darius III dead
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Darius III was killed by one of his own men. BESSUS (an E. Satrape)
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Why did Bessus try to kill Darius III?
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1. Seen as a weak king, bc he kept fleeing from Alexander
OR 2. Bessus was tyring to get on Elex's good side. Too bad, Alex killed him |
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330 BC
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Persia was defeated.
Alexander did not return home, he kept moving Eastward towards India |
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Indian King
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Porus
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Where did Alex finally decide to return him?
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Opis
too bad he died |
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How did Alex die?
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Maybe Malaria or poisoned
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What were Alexander's intentions?
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We don't know! Maybe he was in planning stages of attacking Rome. The Romans were an emerging power
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When did the Romans appear?
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Quite late! Well into the Iron Age
around 1000 Bc - 800 Bc *legendary date of origin of Rome: 753* |
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Raumulus and Remus
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Ramulus won a quarry and went onto found Rome
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Aneas
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Virgils of Niad
another legend fought in Tojan War, settled in Italy, founded Rome |
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Roman Kingdom Period
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Rome was very small
Early Romans were surrounded by advanced people whom they learned a lot from |
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Who were the Romans trying to subdue during the 4th century?
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The Samnites
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Republic Period
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25,000 people
size of medium sized polis territorial successes are impressive |
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What was basis for Rome's success?
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1. Around 550 BC, they adopted Greek-style military (Greek phalanks) evidence is that we start to see hoplite-style armor in Roman tombs
2. Glorified military success, truly! i.e. every time a Roman general wanted to lead battle he could have a trial, it was like a Super Bowl parade 3. available man power 4. Settlement of 338 5. Roads! 240,000 roads. about 40,000 of these roads were paved |
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Via Appia
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1st road, from Rome to Capua
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Settlement of 338
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all towns and cities between Rome and Napels, they could remain independent under one circumstance. Gave military service
This made people non-rebellious and gave Rome cheap military |
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When did Rome gain control over entire Italian peninsula?
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During third century
272 BC |
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Rome conquering Taras
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Sparta founded Tras but would not help them against Rome.
Pyrrhus (king go epirus) sent some Greek army and had some victories (although costly) it drug out for too long and Epirus gave up after 5 or 6 years. Romans defeated them in 272 |
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Punic Wars
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Between Rome and Cartheginians
1. 264-241 Hannibal from Carthage 2. 218-202 3. 149-146: only decisive victory, Rome finally achieved victory over Carthage |
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When Rome conquer Greece?
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150 BC
Mid 2nd century |
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How did conquests of Greece change Rome?
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Many Romans fell under spell of Greek culture, Greek architectural styles in Rome, Roman children learned Greek language
It divided Romans- many Romans felt this led them in bad directions |
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Marcus Cato
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spokesman for this school of though said it didn't where they were from, philosophy and drama didn't get Rome where they were, they were led by discipline
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