Ancient Civilizations

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Greek name for "land between two rivers"

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MESOPOTAMIA

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Term for the arabe land between the Tigris & Euphrates rivers

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FERTILE CRESCENT

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Two rivers in modern-day Iraq in which one of the first civilizations was created

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TIGRIS & EUPHRATES

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Era known as the Old Stone Age; known for simple tools, hunting & gathering, and fire

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PALEOLITHIC

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Era known as the New Stone Age; resulted in development of agriculture and settlements

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NEOLITHIC

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Term for the study of a group's way of life

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CULTURE

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Scientists who uncover artifacts of the past

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ARCHAEOLOGISTS

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Scientists who study artifacts and explain humans' physical and cultural developments

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ANTHROPOLOGISTS

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One of the oldest remains of humans found in the Great Rift Valley by the Leakey family

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LUCY

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Highly mobile people who move from place to place

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NOMAD

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Type of farmin in which tress are cut and burned to create fertilized soil

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SLASH AND BURN FARMING

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Taming of animals

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DOMESTICATION

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Term for a complex culture with: advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology

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CIVILIZATION

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Trading one item for another item

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BARTER

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Writing system created in Sumer consisting of pictographs

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CUNEIFORM

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Term for professional record keepers; those that were trained to write

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SCRIBES

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Wedge-shaped instrument used to write

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STYLUS

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Term for a skilled worker

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ARTISAN

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Term for the development of skills in a specific kind of work besides farming

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SPECIALIZATION

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Stepped pyramid; means "mountain of god"; used for religious and political ceremonies

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ZIGGURAT

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A religion which believes in many gods

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POLYTHEISTIC

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Term for a political unit that includes a city and the surrounding territory

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CITY-STATE

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A series of rulers from a single family

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DYNASTY

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Term for the exchange of ideas and items from one culture to another

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CULTURAL DIFFUSION

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Term for the presence of many different cultures in one place

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CULTURAL DIVERSITY

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Babylonian law code based on the idea of "eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth"

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HAMMURABI'S CODE

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Term for written down

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CODIFIED

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Nickname for the fertile soil deposited by the Nile's predictable flooding

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"GIFT OF THE NILE"

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Term for rich silt

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ALLUVIAL

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Term for areas in the Nile which contain boulders which turn river into churning rapids

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CATARACTS

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Broad, triangular area formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of a river

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DELTA

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Type of government in which rule is based on religious authority

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THEOCRACY

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Process of embalming and drying a corpse

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MUMMIFICATION

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Term for Egyptian god-kings

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PHARAOHS

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Resting place for pharaohs

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PYRAMIDS

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Term for a god or goddess

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DEITY

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Egyptian pictographic writing

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HIEROGLYPHICS

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Reeds that grow next to the Nile and are used to make paper

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PAPYRUS

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Term for India since the Himalayas separate the land mass from the rest of Asia

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SUBCONTINENT

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Term for a seasonal wind

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MONSOON

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Section of India's northern mountains that allowed invaders

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HINDU KUSH

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Pass in the Hindu Kush mountains that allowed Aryan invaders to enter

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KHYBER PASS

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Plain formed by two major Indian rivers where most of the settlement and agriculture occurred

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Indo-Gangetic Plain

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Holy river of India

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Ganges River

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Two Indus cities that show evidence of Indus Valley civilization

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Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

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Early invaders of India that established Hinduism in India

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ARYANS

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Yellowish silt found in Yellow River

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LOESS

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One of the capital cities of the Shang dynasty

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ANYANG

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Payment made to keep peace

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TRIBUTE

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Animal bones and tortoise shells on which priests scratched questions for the gods

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ORACLE BONES

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Belief that a ruler must rule wisely and justly in order to continue ruling

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MANDATE OF HEAVEN

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A political system in which nobles, or lords, are granted the use of lands that kegally belong to the king. In return nobles owe loyalty and military service to the king

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FEUDALISM

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Term for the patterns of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties

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DYNASTIC CYCLE

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The art of making silk

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SERICULTURE

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Term Chinese gave to anyone who was not Chinese

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BARBARIAN

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Term for government workers

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BUREAUCRACY

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Advisor to Egyptian pharaoh

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VIZIER

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Rule by a family

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DYNASTY

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Family/society dominated by men

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PATRIARCHAL

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Family/society deminated by women

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MATRIARCHAL

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Respect for parents/family/elders

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FILIAL PIETY

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Fortified center of a city

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CITADEL