Anat/physio 2B- Endocrine/ans

Front 1

How does Somatic Nervous differ from the ANS?

Back 1

The ANS acts as a control mechanism for the body to maintain homeostasis. Somatic is associated with voluntary control of movement; like nerves inervating skeletal muscle.

Front 2

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Back 2

31

Front 3

Differentiate how many spinal nerves come from each spinal cord section and what section do they come from?

Back 3

8 cervical(C1-C8,12 thoracic(T1-T12,5 lumbar(1L-5L,5 sacral(1S-5S,1 coccygeal

Front 4

Ventral and dorsal spinal roots pass laterally from the rootlets of the spinal cord and fuse together to form the _____ ?

Back 4

spinal nerve

Front 5

(T or F)Ventral and dorsal spinal roots carry both motor and sensory neurons within each root.

Back 5

F

Front 6

(T or F)The spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor neurons.

Back 6

T

Front 7

What 4 branches of spinal rami does the spinal nerve divide into?

Back 7

ventral ramus, dorsal ramus, meningeal ramus, rami comunicantes

Front 8

This ramus supplies muscles of the skin and posterior portion of the trunk. Each ramus innervates the narrow strip of muscle and skin in line with it's emergence point from the spinal cord

Back 8

dorsal ramus

Front 9

This ramus is small branches that innervate the meninges and blood vessels of the spinal cord by re-entering the vertebral canal.

Back 9

meningeal ramus

Front 10

This ramus supplies the anterior and lateral body trunk and limbs.

Back 10

ventral ramus

Front 11

This rami is part of the sympathetic ANS.

Back 11

rami communicantes

Front 12

All ventral rami (except T2-T12) branch and join one another lateral to the vertebral column to form complicated ____, which primarily serve limbs.

Back 12

plexus

Front 13

The ventral rami of (?-?), mostly run anteriorly and parallel to each rib and innervate the anterolateral thorax and abdominal wall. They also supply the intercostal muscles between the ribs.

Back 13

T1-T12, (intercostals). However, most of T1 enters the brachial plexus and T12 lies inferior to the 12th rib making it a subcostal nerve.

Front 14

Name the 5 types of plexus and their locations on the spinal cord.

Back 14

cervical C1-C4, brachial C5-T1, lumbar L1-L4, sacral L5-S3, coccygeal S4-Co1

Front 15

From the 5 plexus, there are ___ spinal nerves that form ___ spinal nerve branches

Back 15

20 spinal nerves from 12 spinal nerve branches

Front 16

The branching plexus offers more complex ___ for the more complex ___.

Back 16

Innervation
Movement

Front 17

The fibers of the ventral rami ___ each other and become re-distributed. Therefore each resulting branch of the plexus contains fibers from several different spinal nerves.

Back 17

criss-cross

Front 18

What 6 nerves does the cervical plexus contain?

Back 18

lesser occipital, greater auricular, transverse cervical, supraclavicular, ansa cervicalis, phrenic

Front 19

The ___ nerve of the cervical plexus supplies the diaphragm.

Back 19

phrenic

Front 20

The ___ nerve of the cervical plexus supplies the skin over the back of the head.

Back 20

lesser occipital

Front 21

The ___ nerve of the cervical plexus supplies the muscles of the neck and shoulders.

Back 21

ansa cervicalis

Front 22

The ___ nerve of the cervical plexus supplies the skin over the lower and anterior ear.

Back 22

greater auricular

Front 23

The ___ nerve of the cervical plexus supplies the skin over the ventral neck.

Back 23

transverse cervical

Front 24

The ___ nerve of the cervical plexus supplies the skin of the shoulder and upper chest.

Back 24

supraclavicular

Front 25

The phrenic nerve supplies both ___ and ___ innervation to the diaphragm.

Back 25

motor and sensory

Front 26

The lesser occipital, greater auricular, transverse cervical and supra clavicular are the ___ branches of the cervical plexus.

Back 26

cutaneous (superficial) branches

Front 27

The ansa cervicalis and phrenic are the ___ branches of the cervical plexus.

Back 27

motor (deep)

Front 28

What plexus is very complex and provides all the nerves for the upper limbs. It is formed by intermixing of the ventral rami of (?? and most of ?)

Back 28

bracial C5-C8 and most of T1

Front 29

Name the 5 nerves of the brachial plexus that supply the upper limbs.

Back 29

axillary, musculocutaneous, median, ulnar (crazy bone), radial

Front 30

Describe the process of the brachial plexus from medial to lateral.

Back 30

The 5 ventral rami for upper/middle/lower trunks. The trunks immediately divide into anterior and posterior divisions. The divisionsdivide into3 large fiber bundles called lateral/medial/posterior cords. These cords divide into the main nerves of the upper limb.

Front 31

The nerve branches off of the posterior cord and is posterior to the neck of the humerus. It innervates the deltoid and tres minor, and innervates the skin and joint capsule of the shoulder.

Back 31

axillary

Front 32

This nerve desends through the arm without branching and branches to the skin and most of the flexor muscles. It innervate the lateral palm, innervates the muscles that probate the forearm, flex the wrist and fingers, and opposes thumb.

Back 32

Median

Front 33

This nerve is the major end branch of the lateral chord that runs inferiorly in the arm. It supplies the innervation to arm muscles that flex the forearm. It supplies cutaneous sensation of the lateral forearm.

Back 33

musculocutaneous

Front 34

This nerve wraps around the humerus in the radial groove and runs anteriorly to the elbow and back to the posterior hand. It supplies cutaneous sensation of the posterior skin of the limb. It supplies innervation to all extensor muscles of the upper limb and produces elbow extension, suppination of forearm, extension of wrist and fingers, and abduction of thumb. It is the largest branch of the brachial plexus and is a continuation of the posterior chord.

Back 34

radial

Front 35

This nerve moves down the medial arm to the elbow and swings behind the medial epicondyle to follow the ulna along the medial forearm. It produces wrist andmedial finger flexion.

Back 35

ulnar

Front 36

The upper trunk is formed from the ___ rami(s).

Back 36

C5 and C6

Front 37

The middle trunk is formed from the ___ rami(s).

Back 37

C7

Front 38

The lower trunk is formed from the ___ rami(s).

Back 38

C8 and T1

Front 39

All of the posterior divisions of the upper, middle, and lower trunks serve the ___ cord

Back 39

posterior

Front 40

The anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunk form the ___ cord.

Back 40

lateral

Front 41

The anterior division of the lower trunk forms the ___ cord.

Back 41

median

Front 42

The lateral cord divides into the ___ and ___.

Back 42

musculocutaneous and median

Front 43

The medial cord divides into the ___ and ___.

Back 43

median and ulnar

Front 44

The posterior cord divides into the ___ and ___.

Back 44

radial and axillary

Front 45

This plexus arises from the first 4 lumbar spinal nerves and innervates the anterior and medial thigh and its proximal branches innervate parts of the abdominal wall muscles and iliopsoas.

Back 45

lumbar plexus

Front 46

Name the 5 nerves of the lumbar plexus.

Back 46

femoral, obturator, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral

Front 47

This nerve innervates the adductor muscles and supplies the skin of the medial thigh.

Back 47

obturator

Front 48

This nerve supplies the muscles of the lower abdominal wall and skin over genitalia.

Back 48

ilioinguinal

Front 49

The largest nerve of the lubar plexus is the ___ nerve. It runs into the thigh beneath the inguinal ligament and divides into a number of branches. Its branches innervate the anterior thigh muscles and its cutaneous branches supply the skin of the anterior thigh and the medial surfaces of the leg from knee to foot.

Back 49

femoral

Front 50

This nerve supplies the skin of the thigh, the base of the penis and scrotum and the labia majora.

Back 50

genitofemoral

Front 51

This nerve supplies the skin and muscles of the lower abdominal wall and the skin over the buttock

Back 51

iliohypogastric

Front 52

The femoral nerve branches into the __ nerve just below the knee.

Back 52

saphenous

Front 53

This plexus is formed from the spinal nerves L5, S1-S3

Back 53

sacral

Front 54

Name the 4 main nerves of the sacral plexus.

Back 54

sciatic, pudental, tibial, common peroneal

Front 55

This nerve branches off of the sciatic nerve and supplies the skin and muscles of the posterior calf, and sole of the foot.

Back 55

tibial

Front 56

This nerve innervates the buttock and tensor fascia latae muscles. It mediates the action of erection of the penis and mediates the voluntary control of urination.

Back 56

pudental

Front 57

This nerve branches off the sciatic nerve and wraps around the head of the fibula. It innervates the knee joint, skin of lateral calf, dorsum of foot, muscles of anterolateral leg and the extensors that dorsiflect the foot.

Back 57

common peroneal

Front 58

This nerve is actually the tibial and common peroneal wrapping in a common sheath. It is the largest nerve and the most major branch of the sacral plexus. It leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic notch and runs deep to the gluteus maximus. It enters the posterior thigh just medial to the hip joint. It supplies the motor branches to the hamstring, all thigh extensors and knee flexors, and part of the adductor magnus.

Back 58

sciatic

Front 59

What are the 2 branches of the tibial nerve?

Back 59

medial and lateral plantars

Front 60

What are the two branches of the common peroneal nerve?

Back 60

deep and superficial peroneals

Front 61

What is the function of the Hypothalamus?

Back 61

Regulates anterior pituitary hormones

Front 62

What is the function of the Pineal Gland?

Back 62

May affect sleep

Front 63

What is the function of the Pituitary Gland?

Back 63

Regulates growth and metabolic activity of other glands

Front 64

What is the function of the Thyroid Gland?

Back 64

Controls rate of metabolism

Front 65

What is the function of the Parathyroid?

Back 65

Regulates levels of Ca+ and Phosphate

Front 66

What is the function of the Thymus?

Back 66

Processes developing T and B cells

Front 67

What is the function of the Adrenal Gland?

Back 67

Affects metabolism, BP, Na+ and K levels

Front 68

What is the function of the Pancreas?

Back 68

Regulates blood glucose levels

Front 69

What is the function of the Ovaries?

Back 69

Produce ova and female sex hormones

Front 70

What is the function of the Testes?

Back 70

Produce sperm and male sex hormones

Front 71

Name the 3 types of specialized chemicals produced by the endocrine cell or tissue that is secreted into the bloodstream.

Back 71

Lipid soluble steroids, derivitives of amino acids and water soluble protiens or peptides.

Front 72

Why do we have an endocrine system?

Back 72

Its a control system used to maintain homeostasis, acts in concert with ANS, and is a major regulator of growth and development

Front 73

What are the 2 types of mechanisms of hormonal control?

Back 73

Fixed membrane receptor mechanism and mobile recptor mechanism.

Front 74

The organs of the endocrine system are?

Back 74

endocrine glands

Front 75

Name the 10 major endocrine glands.

Back 75

Hypothalamus, Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Ovaries, Testes, Thalmus, Pancreas

Front 76

The ___ gland regulates level of calcium and phosphate in the blood stream.

Back 76

parathyroid

Front 77

This ___ may affect sleep.

Back 77

pineal

Front 78

The ___ regulates growth and metabolic activity of other glands.

Back 78

pituitary

Front 79

The __ regulates blood glucose levels.

Back 79

Pancreas

Front 80

The __ produces ova and female hormones.

Back 80

Ovaries

Front 81

The __ produces sperm and male sex hormones.

Back 81

Testes

Front 82

The __ affects metabolism, BP, Na and K.

Back 82

adrenal

Front 83

The __ controls the rate of metabolism.

Back 83

Thyroid

Front 84

The __ regulates anterior pituitary hormones.

Back 84

hypothalamus

Front 85

The __ processes developing T and B cells.

Back 85

thymus

Front 86

Changes in body and environment are fed back through a circular system into a central control unit where adjustments are made is known as __?

Back 86

feedback control system

Front 87

__ produces a response that reduces the initiating stimulus.

Back 87

negative feedback

Front 88

__ produces a response that reinforces the initiated stimulus. This sytem is rare in animals because it is unstabe and may lead to overproduction.

Back 88

positive feedback

Front 89

The only area in the human that you would find a positive feedback system is in the __?

Back 89

platelets

Front 90

Although all major hormones circulate virtually all tissues, a given hormone influences the activity of only certain tissue cells, referred to as its __ cells?

Back 90

target cells

Front 91

for a target cell to respond to a hormone, it must have specific __ on its plasma membrane or in its interior to which that hormone can bind.

Back 91

receptors

Front 92

Target cell activation by hormone-receptor interaction depends equally on what 3 factors?

Back 92

blood levels of the hormone, the relative number of recptors for that hormone on or in the target cells and an affinity (strength) of the bondbetween hormone and receptor.

Front 93

Hormones bring about the characteristic effects on target cells by __ or __ cell activity. The precise response is dictated by the target cell type.

Back 93

increasing or decreasing

Front 94

Name the 3 different types of endocrine gland stimuli.

Back 94

humoral stimuli, neural stimuli, or hormonal stimuli

Front 95

When nerve fibers stimulate hormone release, these stimuli are called __?

Back 95

neural

Front 96

When endocrine glands secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients, this stimuli is called __?

Back 96

humoral

Front 97

Many endocrine glands release their hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs, this type of stimuli is called __?

Back 97

hormonal

Front 98

Name 4 changes that a hormonal stimulus typically produces.

Back 98

!) Changes in plasma membrane permeability and/or electrical state by opening or closing ion channels. 2) synthesis of proteins or certain regulatory molecules (enzymes) within the cell. 3) enzyme activation or deactivation. 4) stimulation of mitosis.

Front 99

The concentration of a circulating hormone in the blood at any given time reflects its rate of release and the speed of its inactivation and removal from the body. As a result, the persistence of a hormone in the blood is reffered to as its __?

Back 99

half-life

Front 100

Name the mechanism where hormones bind to fixed receptors on a target cell.

Back 100

fixed membrane receptor mechanism

Front 101

Name the mechanism where hormones bind to unfixed receptors inside a target cell.

Back 101

mobile membrane receptor mechanism

Front 102

Name the 5 types of mobile receptor hormones.

Back 102

cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, thyroxine (T4)

Front 103

Mobile receptor hormones are characteristic of __ hormones because they are the only hormones that can bind to unfixed receptors inside the target cell.

Back 103

steroidal

Front 104

Why is it odd that Thyroxine is considered a mobile receptor hormone?

Back 104

because thyroxine is derived from tyrosine, which is a water soluble amino acid, not a steroid.

Front 105

Name the one hormone that is both a mobile and fixed receptor hormone.

Back 105

prolactin

Front 106

All hormones other than prolactin and steroidal hormones are considered __?

Back 106

fixed membrane hormones

Front 107

What is the difference between an amino acid hormone and a protein hormone?

Back 107

AA is a single amino acid, whereas a protein is a polypeptide (AA strung together)

Front 108

An endocrine gland that is derived from the endoderm secretes a __?

Back 108

water soluble protein or peptide

Front 109

An endocrine gland that is derived from the ectoderm secretes an __?

Back 109

amino acid

Front 110

An endocrine gland that is derived from the mesooderm secretes a __?

Back 110

lipid soluble steroid

Front 111

The pituitary gland is securely seated in the __ of the sphenoid.

Back 111

sella tersica

Front 112

The __ connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

Back 112

infundibulum

Front 113

2 hormones secreted in the posterior pituitary. They are synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the neurohypophysis.

Back 113

oxytocin and ADH

Front 114

__ from the posterior pituitary stimulates contraction of pregnant uterus. It also stimulates milk ejection from breasts after child birth.

Back 114

oxytocin

Front 115

__ from the posterior pituitary increses water absorbtion from the kidney tubules and raises blood pressure.

Back 115

ADH

Front 116

There is no direct neural connection between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus, but there is a vascular connection via the __?

Back 116

portal veins

Front 117

Name the 7 hormones produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.

Back 117

Prolactin, TSH, GH, LH, ACTH, LH, and MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

Front 118

__, produced by the anterior pituitary, stimulates growth of the bone and muscle. It promotes protein synthesis, fat mobilization and slow carbohydrate metabolism. It is controlled by the GHRH and the GHIH.

Back 118

GH

Front 119

__, secreted from anterior pituitary, promotes breast development during pregnancy and milk production after childbirth. Controlled by PIH and PRH.

Back 119

prolactin

Front 120

__, secreted from anterior pituitary,stimulates production and secretion of thyroid hormone. Controlled by TRH.

Back 120

TSH