Anatomy/physiology Hole 8Th Edition; Ch. 13, Cv System

Front 1

What is the general function of the cardiovascular system

Back 1

It provides oxygen and nutrients to tissues, and removes wastes.

Front 2

Size and location of the heart

Back 2

1)approx. 14cm long, 9cm wide.
2)located within the mediastinum, and rests on the diaphragm.

Front 3

The heart is enclosed by the ___. The ___ cavity is a space between the ___ and ___ layers of the ____.

Back 3

pericardium, pericardial, parietal, visceral, pericardium

Front 4

Name the layers of the heart wall.

Back 4

1)epicardium (outermost layer)
2)myocardium
3)endocardium

Front 5

Name the chambers of the heart

Back 5

2 atria and 2 ventricles

Front 6

The right atrium receives blood from the ____ ____ and ___ ___.

Back 6

venae cavae(superior and inferior vena cavae), coronary sinus

Front 7

Which valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

Back 7

tricuspid valve

Front 8

What two structures does the pulmonary valve separate?

Back 8

right ventricle, and the base of the pulmonary trunk

Front 9

The left atrium receives blood from the ____ ____.

Back 9

pulmonary veins

Front 10

What separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

Back 10

the bicuspid (mitral) valve

Front 11

The aortic valve separates the ___ ____ from the ____.

Back 11

left ventricle, aorta

Front 12

The ___ of the heart consists of ___ rings that enclose the bases of the _____ ____ and ____.

Back 12

skeleton, fibrous, pulmonary artery, aorta

Front 13

Blood low in ___ and high in ___ ___ enters the right side of the heart and is pumped into the ____ circulation.

Back 13

oxygen, carbon dioxide, pulmonary circulation

Front 14

In the path of blood through the heart, after blood is oxygenated in the ___, and some ___ ____ is removed, it returns to the ___side of the heart.

Back 14

lungs, carbon dioxide, left

Front 15

The blood supply to the heart is via the ____ ____.

Back 15

coronary arteries

Front 16

Blood returns from the heart muscle itself to the right atrium through the ___ ___ and ____ ___.

Back 16

cardiac veins, coronary sinus

Front 17

During the ___ ___, the atria contract while the ventricles ____. The ____ contract while the atria ____.

Back 17

cardiac cycle, relax, ventricles, relax.

Front 18

During the cardiac cycle, ____ within the chambers rises and falls in repeated cycles

Back 18

pressure

Front 19

What produces the heart sounds

Back 19

the vibrations produced by the valve movements.

Front 20

Cardiac muscle fibers connect to form a functional ____. If any part of the ___ is stimulated, the whole structure ___ as a unit.

Back 20

syncytium, syncytium, contracts

Front 21

What is the function of the cardiac conduction system.

Back 21

to initiate and conduct impulses throughout the myocardium

Front 22

Impulses from the ___ node pass slowly to the ___ node. From there, impulses travel rapidly along the ___ bundle and ___ ___.

Back 22

S-A (sinoatrial), A-V (atrioventicular), A-V, Purkinje fibers.

Front 23

What does ECG stand for?

Back 23

Electrocardiogram

Front 24

What does an ECG represent?

Back 24

An electrocardiogram is a record of the electrical changes occurring in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle.

Front 25

Name the main parts of a cardiac cycle on the ECG, and what each represents.

Back 25

1)P wave - atrial depolarization.
2)QRS compolex - ventricular depolarization.
3)T wave - ventricular repolarization

Front 26

Name five things that regulate the cardiac cycle.

Back 26

1)physical exercise - affect heartbeat
2)body temperature - affects heartbeat
3)concentration of various ions - affects heartbeat.
4)branches of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers
5)cardiac center in the medulla oblongata

Front 27

Branches of the ___ and ____ nerve fibers innervate the ___ and ___ nodes, and thus help regulate the cardiac cycle

Back 27

sympathetic, parasympathetic, S-A and A-V

Front 28

The ___ ___ in the ____ ___ (part of central nervous system) regulates autonomic impulses to the heart

Back 28

cardiac center, medulla oblongata

Front 29

Blood vessels form a ____ circuit of tubes that carry blood from the ___ to ___ ___ and back again.

Back 29

close, heart, body cells

Front 30

___ are adapted to carry ___ under high pressure away from the heart.

Back 30

arteries, blood

Front 31

Name the parts of the walls of arteries and areterioles

Back 31

1)endothelium
2)smooth muscle
3)connective tissue

Front 32

Smooth muscle in vessel walls are innervated by ___ fibers that can stimulate ____ or vasodilatation

Back 32

autonomic, vasoconstriction

Front 33

Capillaries contatin ___ and ___

Back 33

arterioles, venules

Front 34

The capillary wall is made up of what? What type of membrane does this form?

Back 34

1)a single layer of cells
2)semipermeable membrane

Front 35

Openings in capillary walls, where ___ cells overlap, vary in ___ from tissue to tissue

Back 35

endothelial, size

Front 36

What regulates capillary blood flow?

Back 36

precapillary sphincters

Front 37

capillary blood and tissue fluid exchange what things (3)?

Back 37

gases, nutrients, metabolic by-products.

Front 38

What mechanism provides the most important means of transport between capillary blood and tissue fluid?

Back 38

diffusion

Front 39

Filtration, which is due to the ___ ___ of blood, causes what to happen, and where?

Back 39

It causes a net outward movement of fluid at the arteriolar end of a capillary.

Front 40

What is the direction of movement of fluid at the venular end of a capillary? What is the cause of this?

Back 40

1)net INWARD movement
2)Osmosis, due to colloid osmotic pressure

Front 41

What is a venule?

Back 41

A type of blood vessel that continues from capillaries, and merges to form veins

Front 42

what is the role of veins? What do some veins have, that helps in this role?

Back 42

1)to carry blood to the heart.
2)some veins have one-way valves

Front 43

How do vein walls differ from artery walls?

Back 43

Venous walls are thinner and contain less smooth muscle and elastic tissue.

Front 44

What is the definition of blood pressure?

Back 44

the force blood exerts against the insides of blood vessels

Front 45

Arterial blood pressure rises and falls with the ___ of the ___ ___.

Back 45

phases, cardiac cycle

Front 46

How is systolic pressure produced? Diastolic pressure?

Back 46

Systolic pressure-produced whe the ventricle CONTRACTS. Diastolic pressure when the ventricle relaxes.

Front 47

What factors influence arterial blood pressure (4)? What effect do they have on the bp?

Back 47

1)cardiac output
2)blood volume
3)peripheral resistance
4)blood viscosity
As each of these increases, the bp increases

Front 48

Blood pressure is controlled in part by the mechanisms that regulate ___ ___ and ___ ____

Back 48

cardiac output, peripheral resistance

Front 49

How does the amount of blood entering the heart affect cardiac output?

Back 49

the MORE blood that enters the heart, the STRONGER the ventricular contraction, the GREATER the stroke volume, and the GREATER the cardiac output.

Front 50

what part of the central nervous system contains the cardiac center? What does it regulate?

Back 50

medulla oblongata
heart rate

Front 51

What three things cause or influence venous blood flow? What things are found in many veins, that aid in venous blood flow (1)?

Back 51

1)skeletal muscle contraction
2)breathing movements
3)venoconstriction
Valves

Front 52

Venoconstriction can ____ venous pressure and blood flow

Back 52

increase

Front 53

Briefly describe the pulmonary circuit of blood flow

Back 53

Vessels carry blood from the RIGHT ventricle to the LUNGS and back to the LEFT ATRIUM.

Front 54

Briefly describe the systemic circuit of blood flow.

Back 54

Vessels carry blood from the heart to the body cells (including those of the heart itself) and back to the heart.

Front 55

Whic is the largest artery (diameter) in the body?

Back 55

the aorta

Front 56

What are the major branches of the ascending aorta and the arch of the aorta?

Back 56

1)coronary arteries
2)brachiocephalic
3)left common carotid
4)left subclavian artery

Front 57

The branches of the descending aorta include the ____ and ___ groups.

Back 57

thoracic, abdominal

Front 58

the abdominal aorta separates into which arteries?

Back 58

Right and left common iliac arteries

Front 59

Branches of the ____ and ___ ____ arteries supply the neck, head, and____

Back 59

subclavian, common carotid, brain

Front 60

The subclavian artery, as it passes into the upper limb, becomes the ____ and then the ____ artery.

Back 60

axillary, brachial

Front 61

The brachial artery is where? What are its two main branches?

Back 61

in the upper limb.
1)radial
2)ulna artery

Front 62

Branches of the ____ artery and ___ ____ supply the thoracic wall.

Back 62

subclavian, thoracic aorta

Front 63

Branches of the ____ ___ and other arteries supply the abdominal wall

Back 63

abdominal aorta

Front 64

the common iliac arteries supply the ___ organs, ____ region, and ___ ____

Back 64

pelvic, gluteal, lower limbs

Front 65

Larger veins usually parallel the paths of the major _____

Back 65

arteries

Front 66

Which veins drain the brain, head, and neck?

Back 66

jugular veins

Front 67

Which two veins form the brachiocephalic veins?

Back 67

Jugular and subclavian

Front 68

The upper limbs and shoulders, and the lower limbs and pelvis are drained by sets of ____ and ____ veins.

Back 68

superficial, deep

Front 69

In the upper limbs, the deep veins parallel ____ with similar ____

Back 69

arteries, names

Front 70

The abominal and thoracic walls are drained by tributaries of the ____ and ____ veins.

Back 70

brachiocephalic, azygos

Front 71

Blood from the abdominal viscera enters which venous system. Where does this blood go?

Back 71

1)hepatic portal venous system
2)to the liver

Front 72

The blood FROM the liver goes through which veins? and to which vein?

Back 72

The hepatic veins to the inferior vena cava.

Front 73

Name a deep vein of the lower limbs. Name a superficial vein of the lower limbs.

Back 73

tibial vein is a deep vein
saphenous vein is a superficial vein.

Front 74

Name the three layers of the pericardium

Back 74

1)outermost layer is the fibrous pericardium
2)inner most layer is visceral pericardium
3)in between is parietal pericardium.

Front 75

Describe the three layers of the heart wall.

Back 75

1)epicardium, outer layer, a serous membrane
2)myocardium, middle layer, muscle
3)endocardium, inner layer, epithelium and connective tissue, blood vessels, Purkinje fibers.

Front 76

the cardiac conduction system is made up of what tissue?

Back 76

specialized cardiac fibers.

Front 77

Describe the path of an impulse through the cardiac conduction system.

Back 77

SA node initiates it (right atrium) ->
atrial syncytium->junctional fibers ->AV node (slows it so atria con contract fully)->bundle branches->Purkinje fibers ->ventricular syncytium

Front 78

The sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (___ fibers) stimulate ____ ____ in the walls of arteries/arterioles to ____.

Back 78

vasomotor, smooth muscle, contract.