Anatomy - Vertebral Column And Back Muscles

Front 1

1. List five functional activities of the bony vertebral column.

Back 1

1. posture
2.support of headribs, upper limbs
3.muscle attachment
4.locomotion

Front 2

2a. Unique structures of cervical vertebrae

Back 2

n=7
bifibular spinous processes
very delicate
transverse foramina
C7=vertebrae prominens
problems due to movement

Front 3

2b. Unique structures of thorasic vertebrae

Back 3

n=12
costal facets for articulations with ribs
spinous processes point inferiorly and overlap

Front 4

2c. Unique structures of lumbar vertebrae

Back 4

n=5
large bodies and transverse processes
problems due to movement and weight

Front 5

2d. Unique structures of sacral vertebrae

Back 5

n=5 fused
anterior and post sacral foramina

Front 6

3. Describe the general articulations between adjacent vertebrae.

Back 6

1. synovial joint = plane/gliding = facet joints
superior articulating process
inferior articulating process
(except fused sacral and C1)
2. intervertebral disks
between adj vertebral bodies
slightly moveable, non-synovial, cartillagenous

Front 7

4. Describe the unique articulations of C1-skull = atlantooccipital

Back 7

C1=Atlas + 2 occipital condyles
synovial
biaxial for both, but together, only "yes joint"

Front 8

4b. Describe the unique articulations of C1-C2 = atlantoaxial

Back 8

C1=Atlas + C2=Axis
superior c2 odontoid procces/dens which projects into c1
uniaxial joint - rotation - "no joint"

Front 9

4c. Describe the unique articulation of the sacroiliac joint

Back 9

sacrum + ilium
young = synovial, nonaxial - gliding
weight transfer -wt from vt column → ilium → femur

Front 10

5. Describe the curves of the vertebral column

Back 10

fetal = c-shaped column
anterior convex cervical curve = 3-6 months - holding up head
posterior convex lumbar curve = walking upright
posterior thoracic curve
posterior sacral curve
curved is stronger than straight - more flexible, locomotion, place for viscera

Front 11

5b. Vertebral column curve pathologies

Back 11

scoliosis = lateral curvature of the spine, eventually crushes heart unless treated
kyphosis = (gr=bent) Increased thoracic curvature - dowager's hump=elderly women + osteoporosis -> vertebral collapse (wedge-shaped)
lordosis = increased lumbar curve - beer belly, pregnant women, obesity

Front 12

6. List five ligaments of the vertebral column, their positions and functions.

Back 12

posterior longitudinal
anterior longitudinal
yellow ligament = ligamenta flava
interspinal ligament
supraspinal ligament

Front 13

6a. Posterior longitudinal

Back 13

sacrum to skull
in vertebral canal, posterior to vertebral bodies and anterior to spinal cord
wide
limits flexion

Front 14

6b. anterior longitudinal

Back 14

sacrum to skull
anterior aspect of vertebral bodies
narrow
limits extension
whiplash

Front 15

6c. yellow ligament - ligamenta flava

Back 15

between adjacent lamina
helps form roof of vertebral canal
limits lateral flexion

Front 16

6d. interspinal ligament

Back 16

between adjacent spinal processes

Front 17

6e. supraspinal ligament

Back 17

top of all spinal processes
sacrum to skull
expanded part of cervical, broad ant to post = nuchal ligament
holds head up

Front 18

7. Describe the anatomy of the intervertebral disc.

Back 18

Series of outer concentric cartilagenous rings = anulus fibrosis (fibrous rings)
nucleus pulposis - jelly-like mass in center
disk is weakest posteriorly

Front 19

8. Describe what is meant by a "herniated disc" aka "ruptured disk"

Back 19

nucleus herniates through anulus
a lot of mobility or a lot of weight - cervical or lumbar, L4-L5 especially
usually unilateral - lateral posterior
pushes into spinal canal and will affect next lowest spinal nerve
only 8-10% of back problems

Front 20

9. Understand the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic back muscles.

Back 20

extrinsic = belong to upper limb, most superficial
migrated from lateral to posterior
begin in back and end in upper limb
intrinsic = true back muscles - begin and end in back
motor supply of dorsal rami of spinal nerves
superficial group = splenious
middle group = sacrospinalis (erector spinae)
deep group = deep oblique (transversospinalis)

Front 21

10a. splenius

Back 21

spinous processes of upper thoracic to skull
dorsal rami of spinal nn
together = extension
individually = lateral flexion and rotation

Front 22

10b. sacrospinalis

Back 22

iliac crest/sacrum to skull
3 subgroups: (lat-med)
-iliocostalis - serially repeating as they ascend the column - rib to rib
-longissimus - broad, resides in center of group, between transverse processes
-spinalis - thoracic region, shortest of the 3, between spinous proceses
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
together = extension of column
individually = lateral flexion

Front 23

10c. transversospinalis

Back 23

transverse process to spinal process
primarily stabilizes the column laterally
column rotation