Anatomy V01 Ch 5

Front 1

List and understand 5 functions of the skeletal system.

Back 1

1. support
2. store minerals
3. blood cell production
4. protection
5. leverage/movement

Front 2

The matrix of bone is primarily composed of 2 substances (one inorganic, the other organic). List them and give their approximate contribution to the weight of the bone.

Back 2

1. calcium phosphate (2/3)
2. collagen fibers (1/3)

Front 3

What is the technical term for mature bone cells?

Back 3

osteocytes

Front 4

What is the technical term for cells, found on the inner or outer surfaces of bone, that lay down the organic component of new bone matrix (osteoid)?

Back 4

osteoblasts

Front 5

What is the technical term for cells, found in the innermost layer of the periosteum and endosteum, that divide to produce daughter cells that become matrix producing cells?

Back 5

osteoprogenitor cells

Front 6

What is the technical term for cells, derived from the same stem cells as the WBCs, that break down bone matrix (through the secretion of acids)?

Back 6

osterclasts

Front 7

What is the basic functional unit of mature compact bone?

Back 7

osteon

Front 8

Within the osteon, the bone cells are arranged in concentric circles around which structure (tube)?

Back 8

central canal (Haversian canal)

Front 9

What passageway in compact bone tend to run perpendicular to the bone surface and house blood vessels that deliver blood to osteons deeper in the bone and service the medullary cavity?

Back 9

perforating (Volkmann's) canals

Front 10

What do we call the small passageways that connect lacunae in compact bone to each other and to the central canal?

Back 10

canaliculi

Front 11

Compact bone is organized in layers. What do we call the layers arranged in circles around each central canal?

Back 11

concentric lamellae

Front 12

Compact bone is organized in layers. What do we call the bone layers that fill the spaces between the osteons?

Back 12

interstitial lamellae

Front 13

Compact bone is organized in layers. What do we call the layers that form on the external and internal surfaces of the bone?

Back 13

circumferential lamellae

Front 14

What term is used for the plates or struts in spongy/cancellous bone (and is also used in another name for this type of bone)?

Back 14

trabeculae (trabecular bone)

Front 15

What do we call the central, tubular portion, or shaft, of a long bone?

Back 15

diaphysis

Front 16

What do we call the ends of a long bone?

Back 16

epiphysis

Front 17

What might we find within the epiphyses?

Back 17

red bone marrow

Front 18

What do we call the hollow space inside the shaft of a long bone?

Back 18

medullary cavity

Front 19

What might we expect to find within the medullary cavity?

Back 19

yellow bone marrow (fat)

Front 20

What is the name of the tissue layer (connective layer and inner cellular layer) that surrounds an individual bone (except sesamoid bones) isolating the bone and contributing to the joint capsule between bones?

Back 20

periosteum

Front 21

What is the name of the tissue layer (generally 1 layer thick and incomplete) that houses osteoprogenitor cells and lines the medullary cavity and insides of the central and perforating canals?

Back 21

endosteum

Front 22

What form of bone formation involves bone forming from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue?

Back 22

intramembranous ossification

Front 23

Give a couple of examples of bones that are formed by intramembranous ossification.

Back 23

1. clavicle
2. bones of skull (diploconstruction)

Front 24

What name is given to bones, such as the patella, that form within tendons?

Back 24

sesamoid bones

Front 25

What form of bone formation involves bone replacing an existing cartilage model?

Back 25

endochondral ossification

Front 26

Give a couple of examples of bones that form by endochondral ossification?

Back 26

1. long bones
2. vertebrae

Front 27

What do we call cartilage that REMAINS as a zone of growth between the shaft and ends of a developing long bone?

Back 27

ephyseal cartilage plate

Front 28

What do we call the region (between the shaft and end) where the epiphyseal cartilage plate is located?

Back 28

metaphysis

Front 29

What do we call the area of bone that USED TO BE the cartilaginous, growing section of a long bone?

Back 29

epiphyseal line

Front 30

What term is used for growth in the diameter of a bone?

Back 30

appositional growth

Front 31

Approximately how much of the skeleton is demolished and rebuilt in a year?

Back 31

1/5 (some areas more than others)

Front 32

How does exercise affect bones?

Back 32

1. makes them thicker and stronger
2. bumps and ridges become larger
-stress stimulates osteoblast activity
-electrical fields exist in bone crystals

Front 33

What are the 4 steps in the repair of a fracture?

Back 33

1. hematoma (clot)
2. callus of cartilage and spongy bone
3. cartilage is replaced; fragments/edges removed; edges united
4. external callus remodeled over time

Front 34

What class of bones is long and slender with distinct ends and a shaft (eg humerous)?

Back 34

long bones

Front 35

What class of bones is thin, protects underlying structures, and offers a lot of surface for muscle attachment?

Back 35

flat bones (which are the primary sites of red bone marrow)

Front 36

What class of bones have complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces (e.g. vertebrae)?

Back 36

irregular bones

Front 37

What class of bones is boxlike (cuboid) in appearance (e.g. carpals)?

Back 37

short bones

Front 38

What do we call a LARGE, rough PROJECTION?

Back 38

trochanter

Front 39

Which bone is the only bone in the body that containes a TROCHANTER landmark?

Back 39

femur

Front 40

What do we call a ROUGH PROJECTION (common)?

Back 40

tuberosity

Front 41

What do we call a small, ROUNDED PROJECTION?

Back 41

tubercle

Front 42

What do we call a PROMINENT RIDGE?

Back 42

crest

Front 43

What do we call a LOW RIDGE?

Back 43

line

Front 44

What do we call the expanded ARTICULAR END of a bone, often separate from the shaft by a neck?

Back 44

head

Front 45

What do we call a smooth, ROUNDED ARTICULAR prominence?

Back 45

condyle

Front 46

What do we call a smooth, grooved ARTICULAR process shaped like a PULLEY?

Back 46

trochlea

Front 47

Which bone in the body is the only bone that features a trochlea?

Back 47

humerus

Front 48

What do we call a small, FLAT ARTICULAR surface?

Back 48

facet

Front 49

What do we call a shallow DEPRESSION?

Back 49

fossa

Front 50

What do we call a ROUNDED PASSAGEWAY for blood vessels and/or nerves?

Back 50

foramen

Front 51

What do we call an ELONGATED CLEFT (or a gap between adjacent bones) for passage of blood vessels and/ or nerves?

Back 51

fissure

Front 52

What do we call a PASSAGEWAY through the SUBSTANCE OF A BONE?

Back 52

canal or meatus