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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
kidney functions
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-regulate blood composition (Na, K, Ca, Cl)
-regulate pH (H and bicarb), osmolarity, glucose -regulate blood volume (conserve/eliminate water) -regulate blood pressure (secrete renin) -excrete wastes |
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renal capsule
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-surrounds kidney, gives structure
-need because kidney is retroperitoneal |
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renal fascia
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-goes around kidney and adrenal gland
-anchors to wall |
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adipose tissue
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-used for shock absorption and insulation
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quadratus lumborum
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-refered kidney pain goes to the back muscles
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urinary system organs
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-kidneys, bladder, ureter, urethra
-kidneys located under floating ribs -ureters come out of kidneys (lead to bladder, which stores urine) -urethra leaves bladder and exits body |
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structure of kidney
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-lobes consist of cortex, medulla, and sinuses
-cortex contains nephron and blood vessels -medulla is divided into pyramids (contain blood vessels and some nephron) |
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urine dumps into sinuses
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-minor calyces
-major calyces -renal pelvis -ureter |
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blood flow to kidney
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-renal artery goes in, divides to afferent arterioles
-lead to glomerular capillary bed -come out through efferent arteriole, lead to peritubular capillary bed (or vasa recta) -merge and come out renal vein |
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parts of a nephron
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-glomerular capsule
-proximal convoluted tube -loop of Henle (first part of nephron that enters medulla, descending and ascending limb) -distal convoluted tubule (drains into collecting duct) |
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mesangial cells
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-wrap around entire capillary bed
-have muscle cells that contract, help regulate how much you filter |
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podocytes
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-wrap around one capillary
-prevent too much stuff from leaving |
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cortical nephrons
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-main type of nephron
-almost completely in cortex -filter and reabsorb |
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juxtamedullary nephrons
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-starts close to junction, loop of Henle is deep into medulla
-does alot more concentrating of urine |
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intercalated cells
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-in collecting duct
-help to regulate pH (bicarb and H+ |
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principal cells
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-in collecting duct
-mostly for Na+(aldosterone) and H2O(ADH) |
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renal tubules
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-filter almost everything out
-proximal convoluted tubes reabsorb things into blood stream -anything left in tubes goes down loop of Henle -descending limb reabsorbs H2O -ascending limb reabsorbs Na+ (both go into vaso rectum) -anything you don't reabsorb goes to distal convoluted tube and collecting duct (fine tune urine based on hormones, empties into minor caluces) |
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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-as loop of Henle comes back up, passes by afferent and efferent neurons
-cells in between are the JG apparatus -composed of macula densa and JG cells |
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macula densa cells
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-sensory cells, tell JG to constrict or dialate afferent or efferent neurons
-sense osmolality and GFR in distal convoluted tubule |
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ureters
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-begins at renal pelvic travels to urinary bladder
-enter bladder posterior and interior -mucous coat, muscular coat, and fibrous coat -flap at end to prevent urine from going backwards |
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detrusor muscle
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-major muscle in urinary bladder, contracts to push urine out
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trigone
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-in bladder, triangle shape
-composed of 2 ureters and 1 urethra |
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urinary bladder
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-mucous layer, submucous layer, muscular coat, serous coat
-urine fills in from bottom, can hold about 800 mL -stretch receptors |
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micturition reflex
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-stretch receptors in bladder
-parasympathetic stimulation (spine sends signal back causing contraction of muscle) -internal urethral sphincter (can't control) -external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle, can control) -you pee |
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urethra
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-urine from bladder to outside
-lined with mucous membrane and urethral glands which secrete mucous |
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urinary incontinence
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-loss of urine control
-may be temporary from and underlying medical condition |
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resorption (from-to)
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-from tubes back to peritubular capillaries
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secretion (from-to)
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-peritubular capillaries into tubes
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excretion (from-to)
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-anything left in tubes is put into urine
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excretion formula
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-excretion = filter - reabsorption + secretion
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filtration (from-to)
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-from glomerulus to bowman's capsule
-driven by pressure |
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filtration
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-collect filtrate
-filter 180 L per day -anything you filter out goes into bowman's capsule (glomerular filtrate) -goes out proximal convoluted tube |
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filtration membrane
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1)pores don't allow formed elements (RBC, platelets, WBC) out of blood stream
2)basil lamina doesn't let large proteins through 3)podocytes wrap around and create slits, don't let medium molecultes out |
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glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure
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-pressure of blood inside glomerular capillaries (55 mm/Hg)
-in favor of filtration |
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blood colod osmotic pressure
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-proteins inside blood drawing water towards it (30 mm/Hg)
-against filtration |
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capsular hydrostatic prssure
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-15 mm/Hg
-against filtration |
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net filtration pressure
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-total pressure that promotes filtration
-NFP = GBHP - (CHP + BCOP) = 10 mm/Hg |
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high pressure system
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-afferent is a large arteriol and is dialated: allows lots of blood into glomerular capillaries (raise pressure)
-efferent are small and restricted (blood is forced to stay in capillaries) |
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constrict afferent
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-decr. pressure
-decr. GFR -incr. reabsorption |
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dialate afferent
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-incr. pressure
-incr. GFR -decr. reabsorption |
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constrict efferent
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-incr. pressure
-incr. GFR -incr. reabsorption *always constricted, keeps a gradient between tubes and peritubular capillaries (allow yourself to reabsorb more at a higher GFR) |
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dialate efferent
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-decr. pressure
-decr. GFR -decr. reabsorption |
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glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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-amount of filtrate filtered per unit of time
-directly proportional to pressure -indirectly proportional to reabsorption |
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regulation of GFR
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-adjust blood flow in and out of glomerular capillaries (constrict or dialate efferents or afferents)
-change surface area you are filtering off (mesengial cells :smooth muscle, constrict, decr. surface area, decr. GFR) |
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myogenic mechanism
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-autoregulates
-designed not to change GFR should blood pressure go up (excercise) -incr. bp, incr. pressure of afferent arterioles, they constrict (doesn't affect system, just redirects blood to muscles that need it) |
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using JG apparatus to autoregulate
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-macula densa senses osmolality and flow rate (using pressure receptors)
-if either one goes up, means you didn't reabsorb (adjust by constricting afferent arterioles, decr. GFR) -if decr. osmolality, dialate afferent, incr. pressure, incr. GFR, decr. reabsorption, stimulate jg cells to secrete renin |
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neural regulation
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-sympathetic NS
-vasoconstrict arterioles, incr. bp -constrict afferent and efferent (to lesser degree): slight decr. GFR, slight incr. reabsorption -overrides autoregulation |
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atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
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-released from heart due to high bp/bv
-inside kidney -relaxes mesengial cells (incr. surface area, incr. GFR) -inhibit Na/K pumps in collecting duct (Na stays in urine, water follows, bring bv down) |
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Angiotensinogen
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-inactive, made in liver
-renin from kidneys converts it to angiotensin I |
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angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
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-converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
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hormonal regulation
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-contracts efferent and afferent (to a lesser extent): incr. GFR
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angiotensin II
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-targets adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
-goal is to get GFR back to normal -constrict efferent arterioles, reabsorption goes up, incr. GFR -contracts mesengial cells |
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aldosterone
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-incr. Na+ reabsorption
-stimulate mesengial cells (contract, decr. GFR) -released because Na decreased, K increased, osmolality/bp decreased, ADH angiotensin II or symp. NS told it to |
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renin release by JG cells
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-stimulation by macula densa (senses low osmolality in distal convoluted tubes, dialate afferent arterioles, release renin)
-reduce stretch in afferent arterioles (if bp was down) -stimulation by angiotensin II (more you make, more renin you release) -stimulation by sympathetic nerves |
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tubular reabsorption
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-go from tubes back into peritubular capillaries
-proximal convoluted does most of the reabsorption -loop of henle only does Na+ and H2O -distal convoluted and collecting duct fine tune and regulate hormones |
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secondary active transport
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-one substance goes down concentration gradient, 2nd substance is pulled against its gradient using energy from first using symporter
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primary active transport
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-2 substances going against gradients using ATP
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symporter
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-protein that can harness energy
-can only work so fast |
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glucosuria
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-glucose is reabsorbed during secondary active transport. glucose levels are too high in blood, symporter only works so fast to reabsorb, so glucose ends up in urine
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reabsorption of Na+
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-high concentration outside cell
-diffuses inside cell (primary active transport) -goes in symporter, pulls in glucose, vitamins, etc against gradient |
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Cl, fat soluble things, and water reabsorption
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-Cl and other negativly charged stuff diffuses out following electrical gradient
-fat soluble things diffuse right through (absorb urea) -water in tubes moves from dilute to concentrated area |
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labor of proximal convoluted tubule
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-reabsorb most of filtered water and solutes
-major site of solute secretion |
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labor of loop of henle
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-reabsorb large quantities of major ions and some water
-adjust osmolarity in blood |
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labor of distal convoluted tubule
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-fine tuning for most substances (pH, water balance0
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why we secrete
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-reabsorb something we don't want, secrete it
-regulation (vitamins, Na+, K+, electrolytes) -if you didn't filter something (too big) but you don't want it -regulate pH (H+ and bicarb) |
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functions of electrolytes
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-control osmosis of water between compartments
-help maintain acid base balance -carry electrical current -serve as cofactors for enzyme activity |
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water intoxication
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-blodd becomes dilute, water into cells, cell swells
-need to drink something with electrolytes (gatorade) |
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cotransport
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-diffuse in with something else
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countertransport
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-diffuse in and push something else out (ie. H+)
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water diuresis
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-increase urine flow but not solutes (don't have aquaporins) diabetes insipidus
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osmotic diuresis
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-increase urine flow as result of increase solute excretion (pulls water with it) diabetes melatus
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coupling Na+ and H2O
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-take Na+ out, lower osmolality, water follows
-can only follow if there are aquaporins -in prox. conv. tubes, lots of pores, can absorb water -in distal conv. tubes and collecting ducts, based on ADH (puts pores there) |
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countercurrent mechanism
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-in loop of henle, sets up osmotic gradient in interstitial fluid
-collecting ducts then reab. or not reab. water based on ADH levels -if reab. urine is concentrated, high ADH |
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diuretics
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-substances that slow renal reab. of water and cause diuresis (incr. urine flow rate)
-caffeine, alcohol, meds |
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measuring Na+
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-indirectly measure by blood volume/pressure
-bv high, Na+ must be high: Na+ is hyperosmotic, pulls water out of cells, raise bv |
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sodium regulation via GFR
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-lose Na+ and water, lose volume and pressure (sense by baroreceptors)
-decr. bp, decr. baroreceptors, symp NS fires more: contricts afferent arterioles, which decr. GFR, incr. reab. (all Na+ and water end up in blood, less is excreted) incr. bv/bp |
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ANP
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-from heart
-occurs if Na+ levels or bp are high, targets collecting ducts to inhibit Na+ reab, incr. secretion |
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renin
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-sense decr. pressure in afferent arterioles, stimulated by symp.NS and decr.osmolality in distal conv. tubes
-makes angiotensin II which stimulates release of aldosterone |
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aldosterone
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-stimulates collecting ducts to reabsorb Na+
-good if Na+ or bp is low |
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thirst
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-stimulated by angiotensin, decr. bp, incr osmolality, dry mouth
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potassium regulation
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-aldosterone regulates K+ (targets Na+/K+ pump)
-secrete K+, reabsorb all of it, secrete based on needs of body -K+ levels are high, release aldosterone, targets kidneys to secrete K+, put in urine |