Anatomy - Urinary System

Front 1

The muscle responsible for compressing the urinary bladder and expelling its contents is (the)

Back 1

detrusor

Hint 1

(A) Detrusor

Front 2

Conical-shaped structures that are located in the renal medulla are called

Back 2

pyramids

Hint 2

(E) pyramids

Front 3

Urinary tract infections are often caused by ______ bacteria in the urinary tract.

Back 3

Fecal

Hint 3

(A) Fecal

Front 4

Which steroid is secreted by the adrenal cortex to increase reabsorption of sodium ions?

Back 4

Angiotensin

Front 5

Bowman's capsule, the renal membrane that surrounds the glomerulus, is also called the

Back 5

Glomerular capsule

Front 6

New research has shown that urination is actually controlled by the

Back 6

Pons

Front 7

The renal tubule contains cells adapted for absorption by having

Back 7

Microvilli

Front 8

The intracellular fluid (ICF) is found

Back 8

in the cells of the body

Front 9

The expanded end of the nephron is the

Back 9

Bowman's capsule

Front 10

Which of the following is correct about the location of the kidney?

Back 10

The kidneys are bilateral and retroperitoneal

Front 11

Substances larger than _____ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane

Back 11

Albumin

Front 12

Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by

Back 12

Converting strong acids into weak acids

Front 13

Reabsorption of glucose occurs mostly in the

Back 13

Proximal convoluted tubule

Front 14

When the level of sodium ions in the ECF decreases,

Back 14

there is an increase in the level of aldosterone

Front 15

The most abundant intracellular mechanism for regulating pH is

Back 15

Protein buffers

Front 16

The ability to form a concentrated urine depends on the functions of the

Back 16

loop of Henle

Front 17

A person who chronically consumes large amounts of antacids to settle an upset stomach may risk

Back 17

metabolic alkalosis

Front 18

If the afferent arteriole becomes constricted,

Back 18

GFR will decrease

Front 19

The known functions of the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys include

Back 19

All of the above (regulation of the glomerular blood flow, stimulation of renin release, direct stimulation of sodium ion resorption, direct stimulation of water reabsorption)

Front 20

By the third month of development, fetal kidneys begin to produce filtrate. How and why does this filtrate differ from what is excreted in an adult?

Back 20

The fetal filtrate does not contain waste products, which are instead excreted through the placenta

Front 21

Age-related changes in the urinary system include

Back 21

reduced sensitivity to ADH

Front 22

The large passageway into which the major calyces empty is the

Back 22

renal pelvis

Front 23

The gaps between the pedicles of the podocytes are called (the)

Back 23

filtration slits

Front 24

In juxtamedullary nephrons, the efferent arterioles and peritubular capillaries are connected to a long, slender series of capillaries that accompany the loops of Henle into the medulla. These are (the)

Back 24

vasa recta

Front 25

The first part of the renal tubule is the

Back 25

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 26

The kidneys are located

Back 26

retroperitoneally

Front 27

ADH acts mostly on (the)

Back 27

collecting system

Front 28

A nephron has two parts:

Back 28

renal corpuscle and renal tubules

Front 29

The mechanism whereby benign enlargement of the prostate affects urinary function in older men include which of the following?

Back 29

It may compress the prostatic urethra

Front 30

In the loop of Henle

Back 30

sodium ions are passively transported out of the ascending limb

Front 31

The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is maintained, in part, by (the)

Back 31

overlying peritoneum

Front 32

Which of the following sits atop the kidneys?

Back 32

suprarenal glands

Front 33

In the renal pelvis, fluid processing includes

Back 33

none of the above (further removal of sodium from the filtrate, secretion of lipid-soluble drugs, reabsorption of potassium, osmosis of water)

Front 34

Damage, disease, or irritation of the renal cortex would impair the function of which kidney structures?

Back 34

the nephron units

Front 35

After draining through the collecting system, tubular fluid enters (the)

Back 35

minor calyx

Front 36

Voluntary urination involves

Back 36

relaxing the external sphincter and compressing the urinary bladder

Front 37

Urine is formed in the

Back 37

kidney

Front 38

The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule normally reabsorb all of the following, except

Back 38

approximately 50% of the waste products

Front 39

The process of urine formation involves all of the following, except

Back 39

secretion of excess lipoprotein and glucose molecules

Front 40

The most selective pores in the filtration membrane are located in the

Back 40

podocytes

Front 41

During the micturition reflex

Back 41

there is increased activity of the parasympathetic motor neurons that control the smooth muscle of the bladder

Front 42

The process of filtration occurs at

Back 42

Bowman's capsule

Front 43

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include

Back 43

all of the above (hydrogen and potassium ions, creatinine, penicillin)

Front 44

The cells of the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells form the

Back 44

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 45

When the concentrations of glucose and amino acids are relatively high in the filtrate, they are reabsorbed by the process of

Back 45

fasciliatated diffusion

Front 46

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except

Back 46

large proteins

Front 47

The detrusor muscle is

Back 47

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra

Front 48

When the concentration of glucose and amino acids is relatively low in the filtrate, they are reabsorbed by the process of

Back 48

cotransport

Front 49

The renal sinus is

Back 49

an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule and located in the area of the hilus

Front 50

The glomerular filtration rate is regulated by all of the following, except

Back 50

cardiac output

Front 51

The urinary system does all of the following, except

Back 51

secretes excess glucose molecules

Front 52

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

Back 52

urine with a lower specific gravity

Front 53

sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can accomplish all of the following, except

Back 53

increase the glomerular filtration rate

Front 54

The process of urine formation involves all of the following, except

Back 54

secretion of excess liproprotein and glucose molecules

Front 55

The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the

Back 55

distal convoluted tubule

Front 56

the horseshoe-shaped segment that attaches to the collecting duct is the

Back 56

loop of Henle

Front 57

each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except

Back 57

large proteins

Front 58

the prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

Back 58

hilus

Front 59

conical-shaped structures that are located in the renal medulla are called

Back 59

pyramids

Front 60

substances larger than ______ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane

Back 60

albumin

Front 61

the ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium

Back 61

transitional

Front 62

how much of the fluid filtered by the kidney actually becomes urine?

Back 62

1%

Front 63

urine passes through the _________

Back 63

pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra

Front 64

the first major branch of the renal artery is _________

Back 64

segmental

Front 65

the descending limb of the loop of Henle _________

Back 65

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down the medulla

Front 66

the mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the _______

Back 66

loop on Henle

Front 67

arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are

Back 67

interlobular arteries

Front 68

the antidiuretic hormone

Back 68

increase the permeability of the collective ducts to water

Front 69

an obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the

Back 69

efferent arteriole

Front 70

if a freshly voided urine sample is very dark in color, which of the following will be true?

Back 70

it will have large amounts of urochrome

Front 71

in the loop of Henle

Back 71

sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb

Front 72

measurement of the functions of nephron reveals a glomerular pressure of 69 mmHg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mmHg. assuming that the plasma osmotic pressure is 30 mmHg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net glomerular filtration pressure in this case?

Back 72

24 mmHg

Front 73

which of the following is greater?

Back 73

facultative reabsorption when the body is dehydrated

Front 74

when the renal threshold for a substance exceeds its tubular maximum

Back 74

the amount of substance that exceeds the tubular maximum will be found in the urine

Front 75

which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle?

Back 75

the loop of Henle

Front 76

which of the following processes does not participate in the production of urine in the kidney?

Back 76

evaporation

Front 77

in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa belongs to the

Back 77

distal tubule

Front 78

which of the following conditions is the most often seen in elderly males with prostatic hyperplasia

Back 78

urinary retention

Front 79

in the mictuition reflex, the detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by

Back 79

parasympathetic fibers

Front 80

the urogenital sinus

Back 80

derives from the cloaca

Front 81

pyelography is

Back 81

a type of X ray procedure (radiology)

Front 82

the longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the

Back 82

penile

Front 83

the urogenital sinus

Back 83

derives from the cloaca

Front 84

the filtration membrane includes all except

Back 84

stratified cuboidal

Front 85

place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body

1. major calyx
2. minor calyx
3. nephron
4. urethra
5. ureter
6. collecting duct

Back 85

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

Front 86

select the correct statement about nephrons

Back 86

the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium

Front 87

while the kidneys process about 180 L of blood--derived fluids daily, the amount that actually leaves the body is _____

Back 87

1% or 1.8 L

Front 88

the function of angiotensin II is to ____

Back 88

constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

Front 89

a disease caused my inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ____

Back 89

diabetes insipidus

Front 90

if an injury reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following will occur?

Back 90

aldosterone secretion will increase

Front 91

your pituitary gland would secrete maximal quantities of antidiuretic hormone if

Back 91

you were adrift on a raft in the ocean in the tropics without fresh water to drink

Front 92

a renal corpuscle is the same as a

Back 92

glomerulus plus a glomerular capsule

Front 93

which of the following is not a function of the kidney?

Back 93

excrete excess glucose

Front 94

select the correct statement about urinary system development

Back 94

kidneys develop from urogential ridges

Front 95

the factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is _____

Back 95

the glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Front 96

which statement is correct?

Back 96

reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled

Front 97

blood flows to the glomerulus via the ____ arteriole

Back 97

afferent

Front 98

long term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs causes ______ nephropathy.

Back 98

analgesic

Front 99

blood flows from the glomerulus into the _____ arteriole

Back 99

efferent

Front 100

_____ is the movement of water across the semipermeable membrane.

Back 100

osmosis

Front 101

the _____-______-______ system is a series of chemical reactions that regulate blood pressure.

Back 101

renin-angiotension-aldosterone

Front 102

the most abundant source of hydrogen ions are those from _____

Back 102

metabolism

Front 103

the _____ is internal to the renal cortex

Back 103

renal medulla

Front 104

the area where blood vessels enter and exit the renal corpuscle is the _____

Back 104

vascular pole

Front 105

____ carry the impulses generated by the stretch receptors in the walls of the urinary bladder to the sacral spinal cord

Back 105

afferent pelvic nerve fibers

Front 106

bacteria or fungi in the conducting system result in a(n)

Back 106

UTI

Front 107

when urination occurs, contraction of the muscular urinary bladder forces urine into the ____ and out of the body

Back 107

urethra

Front 108

the glomerular epithilium consists of large cells with complex processes or "feet" that wrap around the glomerular capillaries. these cells are called _____

Back 108

podocytes

Front 109

the ____ is internal to the renal cortex

Back 109

renal medulla

Front 110

abnormally low output of urine is called ______

Back 110

anuria

Front 111

bacterial infection of the renal cortex and medulla is known as ______

Back 111

pyelonephritis

Front 112

_____ is an inflammation of the renal pelvis

Back 112

pyletis

Front 113

the term for inadequate urine production is _____

Back 113

oliguria

Front 114

_____ is the presence of excess metabolic wastes in the blood

Back 114

azotemia

Front 115

urine is temporarily stored in the _____

Back 115

urinary bladder

Front 116

nephrons located close to the medulla with loops of Henle that extend deep into the renal pyramids are called ______

Back 116

juxtamedullary nephrons

Front 117

the area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the ____

Back 117

trigone

Front 118

the calyces and renal pelvis are all flared branches off the _____, which is a structure that runs to the bladder

Back 118

ureter

Front 119

the need to get up in the middle of the night to urinate is called _____

Back 119

nocturia

Front 120

voiding of urine, known as _____, involves sypathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic fibers.

Back 120

micturiation

Front 121

a fat-containing ____ surrounds the renal capsule and provides support and protection to the kidney

Back 121

adipose-capsule

Front 122

the ____ artery is located between the interlobular and interlobular arteries

Back 122

arcuate

Front 123

most water and solutes are reabsorbed from the convoluted renal tubules into the ____

Back 123

peritubular capillaries

Front 124

the u-shaped _____ is located between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Back 124

loop of Henle

Front 125

blood pressure is regulated by a specialized structure, known as the ____, that contacts both the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule.

Back 125

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 126

glomeruli arise from branches off the ____ arteries of the cortex

Back 126

interlobular

Front 127

knot of capillaries that is drained by the efferent arteriole

Back 127

glomerulus

Front 128

the collective name of the urine-forming tubules

Back 128

nephron

Front 129

85% of nephrons are described by this term which reltes to their location in the kidney

Back 129

cortisol

Front 130

a large filled space within the kidney containing the renal pelvis, vessels, nerves and fat

Back 130

sinus

Front 131

the descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity

Back 131

retroperitoneal

Front 132

an inflammation of the urethral wall

Back 132

urethritis

Front 133

solid structures formed from calcium deposits, magnesium, or crystals or uric acid in the kidneys

Back 133

calculi

Front 134

a technique in which an artificial membrane regulates the composition of the blood

Back 134

hemodialysis

Front 135

juxtaglomerular apparatus is here

Back 135

distal convoluted tubule

Front 136

an inability to control urination voluntarily

Back 136

incontinence

Front 137

a condition of pain upon urination

Back 137

dysuria