Anatomy - Upper Limb

Front 1

Vertebral body

Back 1

Largest part of vertebra
it is shaped like a short cylinder; adjacent vertebral bodies articulate through a symphysis

Front 2

Vertebral arch

Back 2

the ring of bone formed by the paired pedicles and paired laminae of the vertebra

Front 3

Pedicle

Back 3

Short strong process
-paired
-it connects the body with the transverse process
-it is marked by superior & inferior vertebral notches;

Front 4

Transverse process

Back 4

important site for muscle attachment and rib articulation
a lateral process that extends from the junction of the pedicle and the lamina of the vertebra

Front 5

Lamina

Back 5

a broad flat plats of bone located between the transverse process and the spinous process of the vertebra
-paired
-it is flattened markedly in the anteroposterior direction; -ligamenta flava span the interval between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

Front 6

Articular process

Back 6

processes that project inferiorly and superiorly from the junction of the lamina and pedicle of the vertebra
two pair on each vertebra (superior and inferior);
the superior articular processes of one vertebra articulate with the inferior processes of the adjacent vertebra through synovial joints

Front 7

Intervertebral notch

Back 7

a notch on the superior and inferior surface of the vertebral pedicle

Front 8

Intervertebral foramen

Back 8

adjacent intervertebral notches form the intervertebral foramen; an opening for passage of the spinal nerve

Front 9

Vertebral canal

Back 9

it contains the spinal cord, meninges, epidural fat and the internal vertebral plexus of veins

Front 10

Spinous process

Back 10

a posterior midline process arising from the junction of the two laminae of the vertebra
-it projects downward and inferiorly
-it is an important site of muscle attachment
- spinous processes of cervical vertebra 2-6 are bifid

Front 11

Cervical vertebrae

Back 11

cervical vertebrae have the features of the typical vertebra plus all have transverse foramina (for passage of the vertebral artery)
- C2-C6 have bifid spinous processes
- cervical vertebrae have relatively small bodies
- several cervical vertebra are named: atlas, axis, vertebra prominens

Front 12

Atlas (C1)

Back 12

first cervical vertebrae
it is called atlas in comparison the mythological Greek Titan Atlas, who bore the weight of the world on his shoulders
- it has no vertebral body, only anterior & posterior arches
- it articulates with the odontoid process of the axis

Front 13

Axis (C2)

Back 13

the odontoid process (dens) projects superiorly from its body
- it articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas

Front 14

Vertebra prominens (C7)

Back 14

it has a long, non-bifid spinous process which is prominent at the nape of the neck, hence its name

Front 15

Thoracic vertebrae

Back 15

thoracic vertebrae have the features of a typical vertebra plus they are characterized by long slender spines that project inferiorly
- they have facets for articulation with ribs
-thoracic vertebrae have bodies of intermediate size

Front 16

Lumbar vertebrae

Back 16

lumbar vertebrae have the features of a typical vertebra plus they are characterized by short, blunt spines that project posteriorly;
-lumbar spines do not overlap making the lumbar level a good one for spinal tap
- lumbar vertebrae are built strong and have the largest bodies of all vertebrae

Front 17

Anterior sacral foramina

Back 17

there are four pairs
- each transmits the ventral primary ramus of the respective sacral spinal nerve
- branches of the lateral sacral aa. enter the sacral canal through these openings

Front 18

Posterior sacral foramina

Back 18

there are four pairs
- each transmits the dorsal primary ramus of the respective sacral spinal nerve

Front 19

Sacral promontory

Back 19

a projection of the superior part of the sacrum in an anterior direction
the body of the fifth lumbar vertebra sits on the sacral promontory and articulates with it through a symphysis

Front 20

Sacral canal

Back 20

Opening in the center of sacrum
it is the continuation of the vertebral canal at sacral vertebral levels

Front 21

Coccyx

Back 21

the coccyx results from the fusion of the four coccygeal vertebrae
- it may be a single bone or the first coccygeal vertebra may be separated from the other three
- it articulates with the fifth sacral segment
- coccygeal vertebrae are reduced in complexity, having no pedicles, laminae or spines

Front 22

External occipital protuberance
-What attaches at it?

Back 22

a bump located in the midline on the posterior surface of the occipital bone
-the medial ends of the superior nuchal lines meet at the external occipital protuberance
-the ligamentum nuchae attaches here

Front 23

Lumbar triangle
-Significance
-Which muscles form

Back 23

a triangle defined by the border of the latissimus dorsi m. medially, the external abdominal oblique m. laterally and the iliac crest inferiorly
-its floor is the internal abdominal oblique m
-lumbar triangle may be the site of an abdominal hernia
-also known as: triangle of Petit

Front 24

Quadrangular space
-What forms it
-What structures pass through it

Back 24

an area on the posterior surface of the back bounded by the teres minor m. superiorly, the teres major m. inferiorly, the long head of the triceps brachii m. medially and the humerus laterally
-the axillary n. and the posterior circumflex humeral a. pass through this space

Front 25

Triangle of auscultation
-Significance
-What forms it

Back 25

a triangle located below the inferior angle of the scapula bounded by the trapezius m. medially, rhomboideus major m. superiorly and the latissimus dorsi m. inferiorly
-its floor is the posterior thoracic wall
-triangle of auscultation is used to listen to (auscultate) the lungs because the stethoscope can be placed close to the thoracic wall at this location

Front 26

Triangular space
-What forms?
-Which structures pass through

Back 26

the space bounded by the teres minor m. superiorly, the teres major m. inferiorly and the long head of the triceps brachii m. laterally
-the circumflex scapular vessels are located in this space as they pass from the axilla to the dorsum of the scapula

Front 27

Anterior axillary fold

Back 27

a fold of skin and muscle with the pectoralis major m. as its muscular component
-axillary tail of the mammary gland courses along the anterior axillary fold

Front 28

Axilla
Define borders
Which structures contained

Back 28

fat-filled space located lateral to the thoracic wall and anterior to the scapula
- it is bounded: superiorly by the clavicle, scapula and 1st rib; inferiorly by the axillary fascia
- anteriorly by the pectoralis major and minor mm.
- posteriorly by the subscapularis m.
- laterally by the humerus
- medially by the serratus anterior m. and thoracic wall
-axilla contains the infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus (divisions, cords and terminal branches), the axillary a. and v. and the axillary lymph nodes

Front 29

Latissimus Dorsi
-Origin and Insertion

Back 29

Origin - vertebral spines from T7 to the sacrum, posterior third of the iliac crest, lower 3 or 4 ribs, sometimes from the inferior angle of the scapula
Insertion-floor of the intertubercular groove of humerus

Front 30

Latissimus Dorsi Function

Back 30

extends the arm and rotates the arm medially

Front 31

Latissimus Dorsi Innervation

Back 31

thoracodorsal nerve (C7,8) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus

Front 32

Latissimus Dorsi Blood Supply

Back 32

Thoracodorsal artery

Front 33

Lat Dorsi distinction

Back 33

the inserting tendon twists so that fibers originating highest insert lowest

Front 34

Levator Scapulae
Origin and Insertion

Back 34

Origin -transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
Insertion - medial border of the scapula

Front 35

Levator Scapulae action

Back 35

elevates the scapula

Front 36

Levator Scapulae Innervation and Blood Supply

Back 36

Inn - dorsal scapular nerve (C5); the upper part of the muscle receives branches of C3 & C4
BS- dorsal scapular artery

Front 37

Rhomboideus major
Origin and Insertion

Back 37

Origin-spines of vertebrae T2-T5
Insertion- medial border of scapula

Front 38

Rhomboideus major action

Back 38

retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly

Front 39

Rhomboideus major innervation and BS

Back 39

Inn - dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
BS - dorsal scapular artery

Front 40

Rhomboideus minor
Origin and Insertion

Back 40

Origin -inferior end of the ligamentum nuchae, spines of vertebrae C7 and T1
Insertion-medial border of scapula

Front 41

Rhomboideus minor action

Back 41

retracts, elevates and rotates scapula inferiorly

Front 42

Rhomboideus minor innervation and blood supply

Back 42

Dorsal scapular nerve
Dorsal scapular artery

Front 43

Serratus anterior
Origin and Insertion

Back 43

Origin-ribs 1-8 or 9
Insertion - medial border of scapula

Front 44

Serratus anterior action

Back 44

it draws the scapula forward
- the inferior fibers rotate the scapula superiorly

Front 45

Serratus anterior
Innervation and BS

Back 45

long thoracic nerve (from ventral rami C5-C7)
Lateral thoracic artery

Front 46

Trapezius
Origin and Insertion

Back 46

Origin- medial third of the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12
Insertion- lateral third of the clavicle, medial side of the acromion and the upper crest of the scapular spine, tubercle of the scapular spine

Front 47

Trapezius action

Back 47

elevates and depresses the scapula (depending on which part of the muscle contracts)
- rotates the scapula superiorly
- retracts scapula

Front 48

Trapezius innervation and blood supply

Back 48

motor: spinal accessory (XI), proprioception: C3-C4
transverse cervical artery

Front 49

Parts of erector spinae muscle

Back 49

I love Sex
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

Front 50

Iliocostalis Origin and Insertion

Back 50

Origin - iliac crest and sacrum
Insertion - angles of ribs

Front 51

Iliocostalis action

Back 51

extends and laterally bends the trunk and neck

Front 52

Iliocostalis innervation and blood supply

Back 52

-dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves C4-S5
-supplied segmentally by: deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa., subcostal aa., lumbar aa

Front 53

Intertransversarii origin and insertion

Back 53

Origin - upper border of transverse process
Insertion-lower border of transverse process above

Front 54

Longissimus Origin and Insertion

Back 54

Origin- transverse process at inferior vertebral levels
Insertion- transverse process at
higher vertebral levels and mastoid process

Front 55

Longissimus action

Back 55

extends and laterally bends the trunk, neck and head

Front 56

Innervation of longissimus

Back 56

dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves C1-S1